Economic Development Status of the Countries along the Belt and Road and Their Correlations with Population and Carbon Emissions

Yang ZHONG; Aiwen LIN; Zhigao ZHOU; Lijie HE; Moxi YUAN

doi:10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2020.06.001

Journals >Journal of Resources and Ecology >Volume 11 >Issue 6 >Page 539 > Article

Journal of Resources and Ecology
Vol. 11, Issue 6, 539 (2020)

Economic Development Status of the Countries along the Belt and Road and Their Correlations with Population and Carbon Emissions

Yang ZHONG^1,2, Aiwen LIN^1,2,*, Zhigao ZHOU^1,2, Lijie HE³, and Moxi YUAN^1,2

Author Affiliations

¹School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China

²The Key Laboratory of Geographic Information System, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China

³Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China

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DOI: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2020.06.001 Cite this Article

Yang ZHONG, Aiwen LIN, Zhigao ZHOU, Lijie HE, Moxi YUAN. Economic Development Status of the Countries along the Belt and Road and Their Correlations with Population and Carbon Emissions[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2020, 11(6): 539 Copy Citation Text

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Fig. 1. Annual growth of GDP, population, and carbon emission in the countries along the Belt and Road in 2002-2014.

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Phase I		Phase II			Phase III		Remarks
Primary product		Industrialization			Developed economy
Production stage I	Production stage II	Initial	Medium term	Late	Initial	Era
100-140	140-280	280-560	560-1120	1120-2100	2100-3360	3360-5040	US dollars in 1970
340-470	470-940	940-1890	1890-3770	3770-7070	7070-11310	11310-16970	US dollars in 1990
393-550	550-1100	1100-2200	2200-4400	4400-8250	8250-13200	13200-19800	US dollars in 1995
440-620	620-1240	1240-2490	2490-4970	4970-9320	9320-14910	14910-22380	US dollars in 2000
500-710	710-1410	1410-2820	2820-5640	5640-10570	10570-16920	16920-25380	US dollars in 2005
560-790	790-1570	1570-3150	3150-6300	6300-11810	11810-18900	18900-28350	US dollars in 2015

Table 1.

Criteria for Chennai’s economic development stage divisions

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Economic growth rate	>7%	5%-7%	2%-5%	<2%
Countries and regions	Laos, China, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, Thailand	Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, Russia, Pakistan	Italy, Malaysia, Philippines, Sweden, Vietnam, Turkmenistan	United Kingdom, France, Germany, Singapore, Netherlands, Japan, Iran

Table 2.

Classification of economic growth rates along the Belt and Road*

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Stage	Industrialization starting stage	Industrial process	Late industrialization
Countries and regions	Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Afghanistan	Uzbekistan, Vietnam, India, Kyrgyzstan, Bangladesh, Philippines, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Indonesia, Thailand, Iran, China	Malaysia, Russia, South Korea, Italy, Saudi Arabia, Netherlands, France, Sweden, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, Singapore

Table 3.

Classification of national industrial competitiveness along the Belt and Road

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Stages of urbanization	First level (>70%)	Second level (30%-70%)	Third level (<30%)
Countries and regions	Singapore, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Malaysia, Russia, Iran	Italy, China, Kazakhstan, Indonesia, Turkmenistan, Thailand, Philippines, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Myanmar, Bangladesh, India	Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Cambodia

Table 4.

Stages of urbanization along the Belt and Road*

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Years	GDP per capita	Exports as a share of GDP	Service industry added value as a share of GDP	Industrial added value as a share of GDP	Imports as a share of GDP	Agricultural added value as a share of GDP	Total capital formation
2003	1.341	0.875	0.270	0.296	0.791	0.963	0.316
2004	1.337	0.884	0.261	0.289	0.791	0.965	0.317
2005	1.296	0.900	0.253	0.285	0.778	0.983	0.281
2006	1.267	0.902	0.253	0.287	0.772	0.990	0.287
2007	1.258	0.871	0.251	0.279	0.731	0.981	0.292
2008	1.229	0.917	0.252	0.283	0.783	0.988	0.271
2009	1.223	0.874	0.242	0.289	0.735	0.998	0.322
2010	1.181	0.881	0.248	0.290	0.739	1.006	0.305
2011	1.158	0.856	0.258	0.301	0.724	0.993	0.333
2012	1.159	0.855	0.251	0.293	0.712	0.975	0.364
2013	1.156	0.849	0.237	0.272	0.709	0.951	0.347
2014	1.159	0.855	0.231	0.265	0.706	0.938	0.322

Table 5.

Coefficients of variation for some economic indicators of the countries along the Belt and Road from 2003 to 2014

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Countries	2002			2014			Average annual growth rate (%)
Countries	GDP(×10⁸ USD)	Population(×10⁴ person)	Carbon emission(×10⁴ t)	GDP(×10⁸ USD)	Population(×10⁴ person)	Carbon emission(×10⁴ t)	GDP	Population	Carbon emission
Afghanistan	40.55	2260.08	107.08	204.85	3337.08	980.92	31.17	3.67	62.78
Bangladesh	547.24	13247.81	3370.71	1728.85	15452.02	7318.97	16.61	1.28	9.01
China	14705.50	128040	385026.93	104385.29	136427.00	1029192.69	46.91	0.50	12.87
Germany	20791.36	8248.85	82972.48	38987.27	8098.25	71988.34	6.73	-0.14	-1.02
France	14942.87	6180.53	37507.54	28521.66	6631.61	30327.56	6.99	0.56	-1.47
United Kingdom	17730.16	5937.05	52864.21	30347.29	6461.32	41982.02	5.47	0.68	-1.58
Indonesia	1956.61	21735.78	30673.72	8908.15	25512.90	46417.62	27.33	1.34	3.95
India	5149.38	109331.72	105425.88	20391.27	129560.42	223837.71	22.77	1.42	8.64
Iran	1286.27	6728.48	40176.02	4344.75	7746.58	64948.07	18.29	1.16	4.74
Italy	12665.11	5705.90	45261.05	21517.33	6078.91	32041.15	5.38	0.50	-2.25
Japan	41151.16	12744.50	122004.76	48504.14	12727.60	121404.84	1.37	-0.01	-0.04
Kazakhstan	246.37	1485.89	13373.55	2214.16	1728.83	24831.46	61.44	1.26	6.59
Kyrgyzstan	16.06	499.07	495.78	74.68	583.55	960.75	28.09	1.30	7.21
Cambodia	42.84	1263.77	220.75	167.03	1527.45	668.49	22.30	1.60	15.60
South Korea	6090.20	4764.47	46563.20	14113.34	5074.67	58715.64	10.13	0.50	2.01
Laos	17.58	549.32	115.14	132.68	663.98	195.45	50.36	1.61	5.37
Myanmar	67.78	4770.22	920.78	654.46	5228.08	2163.16	66.59	0.74	10.38
Malaysia	1008.45	2420.84	13374.28	3380.62	2986.66	24282.14	18.09	1.80	6.27
Netherlands	4716.14	1614.89	18166.32	8909.81	1686.50	16730.32	6.84	0.34	-0.61
Pakistan	723.07	14954.97	11408.40	2443.61	19530.68	16629.85	18.30	2.35	3.52
Philippines	813.58	8136.53	7133.78	2845.85	10051.31	10565.36	19.21	1.81	3.70
Russia	3454.70	14530.60	155708.52	20599.84	14381.97	170534.57	38.18	-0.08	0.73
Saudi Arabia	1896.06	2180.53	32640.70	7563.50	3091.70	60104.70	22.99	3.21	6.47
Singapore	925.38	417.60	4723.10	3148.51	546.97	5637.28	18.48	2.38	1.49
Sweden	2643.46	892.50	5742.52	5744.13	969.61	4342.09	9.02	0.66	-1.88
Thailand	1343.01	6406.91	20832.23	4073.39	6843.87	31621.27	15.64	0.52	3.98
Tajikistan	12.21	642.69	188.12	91.13	825.28	518.88	49.71	2.19	13.53
Turkmenistan	44.62	461.00	3996.66	435.24	546.63	6842.26	67.34	1.43	5.48
Uzbekistan	96.88	2527.19	12834.87	766.59	3075.77	10521.36	53.18	1.67	-1.39
Vietnam	350.64	8153.44	7080.61	1862.05	9171.46	16691.08	33.16	0.96	10.44
Total	138093.97	396833.12	1260909.7	387061.46	446548.65	2132995.99	13.87	0.96	5.32