Fiber sensing technology has emerged as one of the most remarkable and rapidly developing technologies globally. It constitutes one of the three pillars of the information industry, alongside communication technology and computer technology, symbolizing the forefront of contemporary science and technology. Raman distributed fiber temperature sensing technology, renowned for its resistance to electromagnetic interference, electrical insulation, intrinsic safety, high sensitivity, and compact size, finds extensive use in monitoring the health and safety of national large-scale infrastructure. Moreover, it holds significant application value across various critical domains, including deep sea and deep earth, polar scientific research, large-scale water conservancy projects, and intelligent power grids. This study introduces the basic working principle of Raman distributed fiber temperature sensing technology. Addressing current scientific challenges and technical barriers in Raman distributed fiber sensing technology, this review summarizes research advancements in compensating for Raman optical attenuation discrepancies, improving signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and ameliorating the Raman transmission equation to improve system temperature measurement accuracy. This study emphasizes the research progress of our group and discusses developmental trends in the field.