In order to achieve detection and positioning of spatial objects, calibration of the designed artificial compound eye system is studied. The structure of the compound eye device is introduced. A calibration platform is designed and built based on the imaging characteristics of the compound eye, which can construct the full-field-of-view calibration target. A calibration method based on virtual targets of two spherical surfaces is proposed. A mathematical model is established to unify various sub-eye coordinate systems in the process of compound eye calibration and positioning. The specific steps of simultaneous multi-channel calibration or localization are described, in detail including the reasonable adjustment of system, the uniformity optimization of target distribution and the selection of the nonlinear mapping method and so on. Automatic operation of the calibration process can be achieved by computer control. Then, the nonlinear mapping relationship between the coordinates of the image spots and the target angle is established at two spherical surface positions. Finally, a verification experiment is carried out for the proposed calibration method. The experimental results show that the relative error of the target positioning is lower than 0.5% in the field of view of 60° after calibration of the compound eye system, and the root mean square error of the positioning angle is 1.96 mrad. The proposed method can satisfy the calibration requirements of the designed compound eye, and the calibrated compound eye can achieve measurement of the space object well.