Fig. 1. Home-made environmental control hood and the cooling stage for anti-icing performance observation of superhydrophobic surfaces

Fig. 2. Fixture of ice adhesion strength tests for superhydrophobic surfaces

Fig. 3. Triple-scale micro-nanostructured superhydrophobic surfaces fabricated via ultrafast laser hybrid method. (a)--(a3) Triple-scale micro-nanostructured copper superhydrophobic surface; (b)--(b2) triple-scale micro-nanostructured aluminum alloy superhydrophobic surface; (c)--(d) contact angle and sliding angle of the droplets on the copper superhydrophobic surface; (e) contact angle of the droplet on the aluminum alloy superhydrophobic surface

Fig. 4. Morphologies of Cu-MNGF surfaces chemically oxidized at 90 ℃ for different time. (a) 1 min; (b) 2 min; (c) 3 min; (d) 5 min; (e) 10 min; (f) 15 min

Fig. 5. Nanostructure morphologies of Cu-MNGF surfaces chemically oxidized at 90 ℃ for different time. (a)(a1) 1 min; (b)(b1) 5 min; (c)(c1)(c2) 10 min; (d) 15 min

Fig. 6. Dropwise condensation and coalescence-induced jumping of condensed droplets on the triple-scale Cu-MNGF superhydrophobic surface

Fig. 7. Hierarchical condensation phenomenon on triple-scale Cu-MNGF superhydrophobic surface. (a) Hierarchical condensation with the primary condensed droplets and the second condensed droplets; (b) schematic of hierarchical condensation; (c)--(j) the movement and behavior of the second condensed droplets within the surface structures

Fig. 8. Delaying icing time of different superhydrophobic surfaces. (a) Smooth hydrophilic Cu surface(Cu-S); (b) dual-scale micro/nano superhydrophobic Cu surface (Cu-MNR); (c) triple-scale micro/nano superhydrophobic Cu surface ( Cu-MNGF )

Fig. 9. Delaying icing process of three flat surfaces (F denotes fluoridized flat surface, S denotes polished but not fluoridized surface, and R denotes neither polished nor fluoridized surface. Scale bar: 10 mm). (a) All of the three surfaces are not yet icing; (b) icing starts at the solid-liquid interface of R surface; (c)--(d) the icing interface in the liquid column on the R surface keeps moving up; (e) icing starts at the solid-liquid interface of S surface; (f)--(h) the icing interfaces in the li

Fig. 10. Ice adhesion strength of different aluminum alloy superhydrophobic surfaces and test results of ten consecutive icing-deicing cycles on Al-MNGF surface. (a) Ice adhesion strength; (b) test results of ten consecutive icing-deicing cycles

Table 1. Chemical composition of T2 copper

Table 2. Chemical composition of 6061 aluminum alloy

Table 3. Effect of oxidation time on contact angle and sliding angle of micro/nano superhydrophobic surfaces