In order to study the influence mechanism of laser shot peening (LSP) on the fatigue properties of wrought magnesium alloy ZK60 with high intensity, which can adapt the need of structural parts under alternate stress, the surface modification of ZK60 by LSP and the tensile fatigue test are carried out. The results show that the beneficial residual compressive stress is obtained and hardening effect is produced on the strengthening region by LSP. The profile curve fluctuation in the microscopic region of plastic deformation is less than that in magnesium matrix. With the increment of peening number, the strengthening effect of LSP can be enhanced. The average fatigue life of specimen with center hole increases from 78023 cycles to 125641 cycles after 3 LSP modifications, showing the gain of 61%. The compressive residual stress induced by LSP changes the position of fatigue crack initiation, and delays the fatigue growth rate, but it has less effect on the fast fracture area. LSP technology provides a new method for anti-fatigue manufacture of magnesium alloy.