Fig. 1. Flow chart of the experiment
Fig. 2. Healthy leaves and inoculated leaves with disease spots at 6 DPI
(a): Heathy leaf; (b): Leaf with scattered lesions; (c): Leaf covered with lesions
Fig. 3. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging system
Fig. 4. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurement procedure
Fig. 5. Flow chart of feature selection algorithm (SFFS) and model construction
Fig. 6. PCR values of healthy and inoculated samples measured 6 consecutive days after inoculation
Fig. 7. Representative kinetic chlorophyll fluorescence curves of healthy and inoculated leaves
(a): 1 DPI; (b): 2 DPI; (c): 6 DPI
Fig. 8. RGB and chlorophyll fluorescence parameter images of leaves inoculated with Plasmopara viticola
Fig. 9. Means and standard deviations of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of grape leaves healthy and inoculated with downy mildew for 6 consecutive days (statistically significant differences are indicated)
*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001
引物名称 | 引物基因序列 |
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VvActin-qRT-F | AGACAGGATGAGCAAGGAAATC | VvActin-qRT-R | GCCTCCAATCCATACGCTATAC | PvActin-qRT-F | CGATCTCGTATCTGAATA | PvActin-qRT-R | CTACATCATCTCATCCAT |
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Table 1. Real time fluorescent quantitative PCR primers
符号 | 公式 | 名称 |
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Fv/Fm | (Fm-F0)/Fm | 最大光化学量子产量(光合效率) | NPQ | (Fm-F'm)/F'm | 非光化荧光猝灭 | qN | 1-(F'm-F'0)/(Fm-F0) | 非光化荧光猝灭系数 | Rfd | (Fp-Ft-Ln)/Ft-Ln | 荧光衰减率(植物活力指数) |
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Table 2. Fluorescence parameters commonly used in detection of plant stress
特征选 择策略 | 最优特征子集 | 特征 数量 | 分类 器 | 正确率 /% |
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Relief | QY_L4, NPQ_Lss, qN_L3, qL_D3, Fq_L2, Fv/Fm_L2, Fq_L2,Ft_L4, F0, Fm_L3, Fp | 11 | LR LDA BP | 75.43 78.22 81.40 | SFFS | qN-L3, Rfd-L2, NPQ-L1, Fv/Fm-D1 | 4 | LR LDA BP | 80.95 83.57 85.94 |
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Table 3. Classification results of healthy and inoculated leaf by LR, SVM and RF using SFFS and Relief optimal features
接种天数 | 真实样本 | 识别结果 | 识别率 /% |
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类别 | 数量 | 健康 | 接种 |
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1DPI | 健康 接种 | 80 80 | 58 27 | 22 53 | 69.38 | 2DPI | 健康 接种 | 80 80 | 68 20 | 12 60 | 80.00 | 3DPI | 健康 接种 | 80 80 | 70 16 | 10 64 | 83.75 | 4DPI | 健康 接种 | 80 80 | 74 12 | 6 68 | 88.75 | 5DPI | 健康 接种 | 80 80 | 78 6 | 2 74 | 95.00 | 6DPI | 健康 接种 | 80 80 | 80 2 | 0 78 | 98.75 | 全周期 | 健康 接种 | 480 480 | 428 83 | 52 397 | 85.94 |
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Table 4. Reorganization results of healthy (CK) and diseased leaves at different DPI based on SFFS-BP