Author Affiliations
1School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China2School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China3Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China4Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. HHG with highest average power generated by fiber laser with 1 MHz repetition rate
[26]. (a) Experimental device of high power HHG; (b) high harmonic spectrum generated using krypton gas nozzle and corresponding average power of each order harmonic
Fig. 2. Water window HHG generated by high-repetition-rate thulium-doped fiber laser
[47]. (a) HHG experimental setup; (b) experimentally collected HHG spectrum
Fig. 3. Distribution of repetition rate, monopulse energy, photon energy, and average power of HHG generated by most advanced fiber laser driving
[23-24, 26-27,29-30,32-37,39-40,42,44,47,50,54] Fig. 4. Phase matching regions. (a) Minimum ionization degree (dash line) and maximum ionization degree (solid line) satisfying phase matching in Kr, Ar, and Ne gases versus photon energy driven by pump light with different wavelengths (λ) and pulse widths (τ); (b) theoretically predicted in Ar, Ne, and He gases versus pump laser wavelength; (c) in Ar, Ne, and He gases versus pump laser pulse width driven by 1030 nm pump light
Fig. 5. Influence of self-absorption. (a) Variation of absorption length of HHG with gas pressure (pump laser wavelength of 1030 nm); (b) versus under different /
Fig. 6. and versus gas pressure. (a) H25; (b) H33
Fig. 7. (dash line) and (solid line) of HHG with wavelength of 13.5 nm generated in Ne medium versus gas pressure after key parameters is adjusted according to scaling law. (a) w0=37.5 μm,Lmed=150 μm; (b) w0=375.0 μm,Lmed=15 μm
Fig. 8. Different modes of coherent diffraction imaging. (a) Traditional CDI; (b) FTH; (c) ptychographic CDI
Fig. 9. Schematic of phase retrieval algorithm
Fig. 10. Imaging examples using HHG ptychography. (a) Sample reconstruction image obtained by ptychography using HHG for the first time
[104]; (b) imaging result of mouse hippocampal neuron based on ptychography
[107] Fig. 11. Three-dimensional structural profiles measured by OCT
[114]. (a) Depth and lateral information; (b) depth information
Driving laser parameter | Gas target | | HHG parameter | Ref. |
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Wavelength /nm | Average power /W | Repetition rate /kHz | Pulse energy /μJ | Pulse width / fs | Target type | Gas type | Photon energy range /eV | Target photon energy /eV | Average power / μW | Flux /(photon/s) |
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1030 | 10 | 100 | 100 | 270 | Jet | Ar | 15‒38 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | [23] | 28 | 1000 | 28 | Xe | 13‒18 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1030 | 10 | 100 | 100 | 500 | Cell | Xe | 13‒23 | 13‒23 | ‒ | 4.5×1012 | [28] | 1030 | 5.4 | 100 | 54 | 170 | Jet | Ar | 18‒40 | 30.1 | 0.2 | 4.5×1010 | [29] | 1030 | 10 | 50 | 200 | 51 | Jet | Kr | 25‒57 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | [30] | 1030 | 29 | 50 | 580 | 65 | Jet | Kr | 19‒62 | 25.3 | 3.2 | 7.9×1011 | [32] | 1030 | 40 | 50 | 800 | 36 | Hollow fiber | ‒ | 50‒70 | 68.6 | 1.5 | 1.4×1011 | [33] | 1030 | 80 | 600 | 130 | 29 | Jet | Xe | 25‒38 | 30.1 | 143 | 3×1013 | [34] | Kr | 27‒40 | 32.5 | 42 | 8×1012 | 1030 | 25 | 50 | 500 | 35 | Jet | Ar | 57‒71 | 66.2 | 0.8 | 7.8×1010 | [27] | 515 | 11 | 120 | 92 | 85 | Jet | Kr | 21‒31 | 21.7 | 832 | 2.4×1014 | [35] | Ar | ‒ | 26.7 | 72 | 1.7×1013 | 347 | 5 | 1000 | 5 | 98 | Cell | Xe-Ar | ‒ | 10.7 | 1250 | 7.3×1014 | [36] | 1030 | 50 | 166 | 300 | 135 | Jet | Ar | 16‒52 | 39.7 | 0.57 | 9×1010 | [37] | 515 | 19 | 114 | 130 | 18‒36 | 21.7 | 80 | 2.3×1013 | 343 | 9.5 | 57 | 140 | 18‒33 | 18 | 1.9×103 | 6.6×1014 | 257 | 2 | 12 | 135 | 24‒34 | 24.1 | 3 | 8×1011 | 515 | 51 | 1000 | 51 | 18.6 | Jet | Kr | 22‒31 | 26.5 | 1.29×104 | 3×1015 | [26] | 1030 | 30 | 75 | 400 | 7 | Jet | Ar | 70‒120 | 92 | 0.1 | 7×109 | [39] | Ne | 70‒160 | 92 | 0.04 | 3×109 | 1030 | 63 | 600 | 105 | 35 | Jet | Ar | 66‒84 | 71 | 3.4 | 3×1011 | [40] | Ne | 75‒150 | 93 | 0.07 | 5×109 | 918 | 4.5 | 180 | 25 | 6.6 | Jet | Ne | 100‒200 | 125 | 2.6×10-3 | 1.3×108 | [25] | 800 | 10 | 100 | 100 | 40 | Hollow fiber | Ar | 30‒50 | 38 | 8.5 | 1.4×1012 | [42] | 1030 | 35 | 100 | 350 | 7.8 | Jet | Ne | 120‒200 | 120 | 0.06 | 3.1×109 | [44] | He | 150‒350 | 180 | 9×10-3 | 3×108 | 1910 | 44 | 98 | 450 | 100 | Hollow fiber | He | 200‒300 | 300 | 1.3×10-4 | 2.8×106 | [47] | 1030 | 20 | 20800 | 1 | 35 | Jet | Xe | 13‒20 | 18 | 1×10-3 | 3.5×108 | [50] | 1030 | 76 | 10700 | 7 | 31 | Jet | Xe | 21‒30 | 27.7 | 51.1 | 1.14×1013 | [54] |
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Table 1. Main parameters of generating high-repetition-rate HHG experiment generated by fiber laser driving
Parameter | Loose focusing | Tight focusing |
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Gas density | ρ | ς2ρ | Medium length | Lmed | Lmed/ς2 | Medium diameter | dmed | dmed/ς | Driving laser energy | Ein | Ein/ς2 | Harmonic energy | Eh | Eh/ς2 | Conversion efficiency | Гh | Гh |
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Table 2. Scaling laws of important parameters between loose and tight focusing regimes
[80-82]