Fig. 1. Typical shemes of metasurface nanoprintings^{[26, 30-32]}. (a) Varying the size and spacing of nanostructures; (b) Multiplexing image display based on orthogonal-polarization states; (c) Image display based on Malus’s law; (d) Multiplexing image display based on orientation degeneracy of nanostructures

Fig. 2. High efficiency holography enabled with geometric metasurfaces^[41-42]. (a) Based on MIM structures; (b) Based on TiO₂ nanobricks

Fig. 3. Orthogonal-polarization multiplexing scheme based on cross-shaped nanostructures^[55]. (a) Fabrication principle; (b) Schematic of a unit cell; (c) Illustration of the design process; (d) Schematic view of the dual-function metasurface

Fig. 4. In-plane arrangement scheme^[56-57]. (a) Interleaved metasurfaces； (b) Segmented metasurfaces

Fig. 5. Reconfigurable multifunctional metasurfaces based on in-plane arrangement scheme^[58]. (a) Schematic illustration of the metasurface; (b) Design principle

Fig. 6. Multilayer-stacking scheme: F-P cavity stacked with nanostructures that manipulate (a) propagation phase or (b) geometric phase^{[59, 61]}

Fig. 7. Spectrum and phase control scheme: combining spectrum manipulation based on dielectric nanostructures with (a) detour phase encoding or (b, c) geometric phase manipulation ^[62-64]

Fig. 8. Narrow-band spectral response grating + geometric phase^[65]. (a) Structure of the grating and the corresponding spectral response; (b) Arranging the unit cells by using the color mixing principle; (c) Color nanoprinting image; (d) Color holographic images

Fig. 9. Complex amplitude modulation scheme^{[66-67, 85]}. (a) Manipulation principle of complex amplitude; (b) Complex amplitude modulation at a single wavelength based on wave plates; (c) Complex amplitude modulation at three wavelengths enabled with combining twin nanostructures and narrow-band spectral responses

Fig. 10. Orientation degeneracy scheme^[68]. (a) Schematic illustration of the orientation degeneracy; (b) Independent displays of holographic image and nanoprinting image; (c) Experimental results

Fig. 11. Three-channel metasurface for meta-image displays based on single-celled nanostructures^[69]