• Chinese Journal of Lasers
  • Vol. 47, Issue 12, 1202005 (2020)
Hu Zehua1, Song Changhui1、*, Liu Linqing1, Yang Yongqiang1, and Hu Ping2
Author Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, China
  • 2School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
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    DOI: 10.3788/CJL202047.1202005 Cite this Article Set citation alerts
    Hu Zehua, Song Changhui, Liu Linqing, Yang Yongqiang, Hu Ping. Research Progress of Selective Laser Melting of Nitinol[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2020, 47(12): 1202005 Copy Citation Text show less
    Schematic of selective laser melting[13]
    Fig. 1. Schematic of selective laser melting[13]
    Problems in selective laser melting of nitinol
    Fig. 2. Problems in selective laser melting of nitinol
    Schematic of transformation temperatures[32]
    Fig. 3. Schematic of transformation temperatures[32]
    Transformation temperatures increase with the increase of energy density[14]. (a) Cooling process; (b) heating process
    Fig. 4. Transformation temperatures increase with the increase of energy density[14]. (a) Cooling process; (b) heating process
    Austenite transforms to martensite during annealing[17]
    Fig. 5. Austenite transforms to martensite during annealing[17]
    Ti-rich impurities form during annealing[33]
    Fig. 6. Ti-rich impurities form during annealing[33]
    Influence of solution and aging on transformation temperatures[39]
    Fig. 7. Influence of solution and aging on transformation temperatures[39]
    Stress-strain diagram of shape memory effect[14]
    Fig. 8. Stress-strain diagram of shape memory effect[14]
    Twinned martensitic structure formed in loading[32]
    Fig. 9. Twinned martensitic structure formed in loading[32]
    Stress-strain diagram of superelasticity[14]
    Fig. 10. Stress-strain diagram of superelasticity[14]
    Influence of fabricating direction on superelasticity[17]
    Fig. 11. Influence of fabricating direction on superelasticity[17]
    PowderParticle size /μmReference
    Ni49.7Ti50.325--75[14]
    Ni50.0Ti50.020--45[15]
    Ni50.1Ti49.925--75[16]
    Ni50.2Ti49.825--75,25--45[14],[17]
    Ni50.6Ti49.425--45[18]
    Ni50.7Ti49.325--75[14]
    Ni50.8Ti49.225--75[19-20]
    Ni50.9Ti49.135--180[21]
    Table 1. Particle size and composition of frequently used NiTi powder
    MaterialApplicationP/Wv/ (mm·s-1)t/μmE/(J·mm-3)Reference
    Ni50.1Ti49.9Energy absorber and biomedical implants25012503055.6[16]
    Ni50.1Ti49.9Scaffolds2501100--126.0[29]
    Ni50.8Ti49.2Biomedical implants25012503083.3[20]
    Ni49.9Ti50.1Stressed skeleton50100----[30]
    Ni49.9Ti50.1Scaffolds50160----[30]
    Ni49.7Ti50.3Carrier material for humanmesenchymal stem cells100--75--[31]
    Table 2. Suitable process parameters of selective laser melting of nitinol
    MaterialP/Wv/ (mm·s-1)t/μmE/(J·mm-3)Ms/KMf/KAs/KAf/KReference
    Ni50.1Ti49.925012503055.6331299332358[16]
    Ni50.2Ti49.8250110030126.3261--296--[17]
    Ni50.8Ti49.210012530222.2293--276--[19]
    10017530158.7280--260--
    10022530123.4277--252--
    1005003055.5275--251--
    2508753079.4315--287--
    25010003069.4310--282--
    25012503055.5308--280--
    Ni50.8Ti49.225012503083.3247--285--[20]
    25012503066.7243--279--
    25012503055.6242--277--
    25012503047.6241--276--
    25012503041.7239--274--
    25012503037.0237--269--
    25015003046.3300--275--
    MaterialP/Wv/ (mm·s-1)t/μmE/(J·mm-3)Ms/KMf/KAs/KAf/KReference
    Ni50.9Ti49.156133--70.0289220245311[21]
    68133--85.0283225262302
    80133--100.0291236267313
    92133--115.0286233267305
    100133--125.0286215253305
    80297--45.0273189236275
    80224--60.0270192239278
    80190--70.0274212257288
    80157--85.0282229262300
    80133--100.0289234263310
    80116--115.0296244280320
    80107--125.0294232274313
    Ni50.9Ti49.1508030595.2335320329361[27]
    508030173.6330271306355
    Table 3. Transformation temperatures related to different process parameters
    FactorInfluence
    Energy densityTransformation temperatures usually increase with the increase of energy densities within limits
    High or low laser power and scanning speed(with similar E)Transformation temperatures are usually lower in samples formed by high laser power and scanning speed
    AnnealingFor Ni-rich NiTi,transformation temperatures usually increase after proper annealing, but precipitation formed in annealing should also be considered
    SolutionFor Ni-rich NiTi,transformation temperatures decrease after solution
    AgingFor Ni-rich NiTi,transformation temperatures increase after aging
    Impurity elementsWhen combined with Ti,transformation temperatures decrease
    Table 4. Influence factors on transformation temperatures of nitinol
    FactorInfluence
    Transformation temperaturesShape memory effect seems better when transformation temperatures are higher
    Porosity and crackShape memory effect will be severely weakened due to these defect
    AnnealingSome austenites will transform to martensites, which made the reversible phase change happen more easily,so shape memory effect will become better
    SolutionSome Ni-rich phases will dissolve into the matrix and make the part stronger, so the critical stress will increase and shape memory effect will become better
    AgingHigh density fine Ni4Ti3 will form and the strength of the part will increase, so the critical stress will increase and shape memory effect will become better
    Impurity elementsShape memory effect will be severely weakened due to these impurity elements
    Table 5. Influence factors on shape memory effect of nitinol
    FactorInfluence
    Transformation temperaturesSuperelasticity seems better when transformation temperatures are lower
    Porosity and crackSuperelasticity will be severely weakened due to these defects
    Strong textureSuperelasticity will be better when strong texture formed in certain direction
    Fabricating directionSuperelasticity is better when the NiTi part is fabricated perpendicular to the loading direction
    SolutionSome Ni-rich phases will dissolve and be reborn in the grain and the increase of Ni in matrix will make the part stronger, so the critical stress will increase and superelasticity will become better
    AgingHigh density fine Ni4Ti3 will form and the strength of the part will increase, so the critical stress will increase and superelasticity will become better
    Impurity elementsSuperelasticity will be severely weakened due to these impurity elements
    Table 6. Influence factors on superelasticity of nitinol
    Hu Zehua, Song Changhui, Liu Linqing, Yang Yongqiang, Hu Ping. Research Progress of Selective Laser Melting of Nitinol[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2020, 47(12): 1202005
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