Author Affiliations
1Logistics Science and Engineering Research Institute, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China2School of Logistics Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Principle of ray-casting algorithm
Fig. 2. Comparison of sampling method of improved algorithm and traditional algorithm
Fig. 3. Sampling frequency calculation method of improved ray-casting algorithm
Fig. 4. Calculation principle of linear interpolation
Fig. 5. Linear interpolation method of hierarchical grouping
Fig. 6. Calculation time of interpolation for improved algorithm and traditional algorithm
Fig. 7. Opacity and color synthesis (calculating order from front to back)
Fig. 8. Experimental results of smoke rendering in a fixed space scene. (a) Simulation rendering for 100th frame; (b) simulation rendering for 200th frame; (c) simulation rendering for 300th frame
Fig. 9. Experimental results of smoke rendering in the office. (a) Rendering result for 50th frame; (b) rendering result for 200th frame; (c) rendering result for 500th frame; (d) rendering result for 800th frame
Fig. 10. Experimental results of smoke rendering in the corridor. (a) Rendering result for 300th frame; (b) rendering result for 500th frame
Fig. 11. Experimental results of smoke rendering in a simple scene. (a) Traditional ray-casting algorithm; (b) ray-casting algorithm in Ref. [17]; (c) improved ray-casting algorithm
Fig. 12. Experimental results of smoke rendering in a complex scene with a farther viewpoint. (a) Traditional ray-casting algorithm; (b) ray-casting algorithm in Ref. [17]; (c) improved ray-casting algorithm
Fig. 13. Experimental results of smoke rendering in a complex scene with a closer viewpoint. (a) Traditional ray-casting algorithm; (b) ray-casting algorithm in Ref. [17]; (c) improved ray-casting algorithm
Fig. 14. Experimental results of smoke rendering frame rate
Data type | Current voxel | Before incidence | After incidence |
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Color | Ccur | Cin | Cout | Opacity | Ocur | Oin | Oout |
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Table 1. Data reference of image synthesis
Method | Sampling method | Number of samples | Rendering time /s |
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Traditional ray-casting algorithm | Uniform sampling | 321489 | 18.50 | Ray-casting algorithm of Ref. [17] | Threshold range | 224350 | 16.32 | Improved ray-casting algorithm | Adaptive sampling | 196389 | 12.95 |
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Table 2. Experimental results of smoke rendering resampling times
Frame number | Rendering frame rate /(frame·s-1) |
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Traditional ray casting algorithm | Ray-casting algorithm of Ref. [17] | Improved ray casting algorithm |
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135 | 45.32 | 70.34 | 73.92 | 178 | 44.24 | 68.50 | 74.24 | 220 | 47.43 | 67.33 | 73.35 | 252 | 43.44 | 68.72 | 74.93 | 351 | 37.72 | 54.32 | 75.14 | 384 | 38.26 | 56.34 | 74.92 | 423 | 40.53 | 52.00 | 75.15 | 485 | 38.34 | 55.46 | 75.23 |
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Table 3. Experimental results of smoke rendering frame rate