Fig. 1. Diagrams of laser composite remanufacturing process. (a) Photo of LDED equipment; (b) photo of LSP equipment; (c) schematic diagram of LDED; (d) schematic diagram of LSP

Fig. 2. Morphology of LDED repaired samples before and after LSP. (a) LDED-1200 W+LSP sample; (b) LDED-1500 W+LSP sample; (c) LDED-1800 W+LSP sample

Fig. 3. Surface residual stress distribution of LDED and LDED+LSP repaired samples

Fig. 4. Surface microhardness of LDED and LDED+LSP repaired samples

Fig. 5. XRD spectra and their magnification of LDED and LDED+LSP repaired samples

Fig. 6. EBSD diagrams of cross-section of LDED and LDED+LSP repaired samples. (a) LDED-1200 W sample; (b) LDED-1200 W+LSP sample; (c) LDED-1500 W sample; (d) LDED-1500 W+LSP sample; (e) LDED-1800 W sample; (f) LDED-1800 W+LSP sample; (g) magnified microstructure of LDED sample; (h) magnified microstructure of LDED+LSP sample

Fig. 7. Typical TEM images of LDED repaired samples. (a) LDED-1200 W sample; (b) LDED-1800 W sample; (c₁) high magnification of fine needle-like tissue shown in the square area of LDED-1200 W sample TEM image; (c₂)‒(c₄) fine needle-like tissue image captured by electron microscopy and EDS analysis of major elements of the fine needle-like tissue

Fig. 8. Typical TEM images of the LSPed surface layer of LDED+LSP repaired samples. (a) Cross-sectional image along the depth direction; (b₁) nanograins; (b₂) dark-field (DF) image of nanograins; (c₁)‒(c₂) dislocation tangles (DTs) and dislocation cells (DCs)

Fig. 9. Friction coefficient curves of LDED and LDED+LSP repaired samples

Fig. 10. Confocal scan images of wear surface of LDED and LDED+LSP repaired samples. (a) LDED-1200 W sample; (b) LDED-1500 W sample; (c) LDED-1800 W sample; (d) LDED-1200 W+LSP sample; (e) LDED-1500 W+LSP sample; (f) LDED-1800 W+LSP sample

Fig. 11. SEM images of wear surface of LDED samples with magnification and elemental distributions of the square areas. (a)(d) LDED-1200 W sample; (b)(e) LDED-1500 W sample; (c)(f) LDED-1800 W sample

Fig. 12. SEM images of wear surface of LDED+LSP samples with magnification and elemental distributions of the square areas. (a)(d) LDED-1200 W+LSP sample; (b)(e) LDED-1500 W+LSP sample; (c)(f) LDED-1800 W+LSP sample

Fig. 13. Schematic diagrams of friction and wear mechanism under dry sliding conditions. (a) LDED-1200 W sample; (b) LDED-1800 W sample; (c) LDED+LSP typical sample

Table 1. Chemical composition of 45 steel matrix

Table 2. Chemical composition of H13 tool steel powder

Table 3. Comparison of full width at half maximum (FWHM) of α(110), α(200), and α(211) in LDED samples

Table 4. Comparison of FWHM of α(110), α(200), and α(211) in LDED+LSP samples