Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technology is an element analysis technology based on atomic emission spectroscopy and plasma emission spectroscopy. In this study, LIBS is used to detect the lead (Pb) concentrations in water. The strongest spectral line of Pb 405.8 nm is selected as the analytical line and Si 390.6 nm is used as internal standard element. The detection limit of Pb obtained by linear fitting is determined to be 7.40×10-6 . A quantitative analysis model based on biogeography-based optimization (BBO) algorithm is established. Using this model, we establish the LIBS spectra of 35 samples with different Pb concentrations. Among them, 30 sets of data are used to train the BBO quantitative analysis model, and the remaining 5 sets of data are used as test sets to evaluate the analytical ability of the model. The results show that the relative standard deviation (RSD) and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the model are quite good when using the BBO algorithm model to predict the Pb concentration in water.