Triple-cation perovskite solar cells for visible light communications

Natalie A. Mica; Rui Bian; Pavlos Manousiadis; Lethy K. Jagadamma; Iman Tavakkolnia; Harald Haas; Graham A. Turnbull; Ifor D. W. Samuel

doi:10.1364/PRJ.393647

Journals >Photonics Research >Volume 8 >Issue 8 >Page A16 > Article

Photonics Research
Vol. 8, Issue 8, A16 (2020)

Triple-cation perovskite solar cells for visible light communications | Spotlight on Optics

Natalie A. Mica¹, Rui Bian², Pavlos Manousiadis¹, Lethy K. Jagadamma¹, Iman Tavakkolnia², Harald Haas^2、3、*, Graham A. Turnbull^1、4、*, and Ifor D. W. Samuel^1、5、*

Author Affiliations

¹Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK

²LiFi Research and Development Centre, Institute for Digital Communications, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK

³e-mail: H.Haas@ed.ac.uk

⁴e-mail: gat@st-andrews.ac.uk

⁵e-mail: idws@st-andrews.ac.uk

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DOI: 10.1364/PRJ.393647 Cite this Article Set citation alerts

Natalie A. Mica, Rui Bian, Pavlos Manousiadis, Lethy K. Jagadamma, Iman Tavakkolnia, Harald Haas, Graham A. Turnbull, Ifor D. W. Samuel. Triple-cation perovskite solar cells for visible light communications[J]. Photonics Research, 2020, 8(8): A16 Copy Citation Text

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Fig. 1. SEM images of triple-cation perovskite films for all thicknesses. The red bar corresponds to a length of 2 μm.

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Triple-cation perovskite devices with their (a) best J-V curves under 0.9 mW/cm2 indoor white LED illumination, (b) EQE, and (c) I-V curves under 50 mW red laser (660 nm) illumination.

Fig. 2. Triple-cation perovskite devices with their (a) best J-V curves under 0.9 mW/cm2 indoor white LED illumination, (b) EQE, and (c) I-V curves under 50 mW red laser (660 nm) illumination.

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Fig. 3. Low-magnification SEM images of the three thickest triple-cation perovskite films. The blue scale bar represents a length of 10 μm.

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Fig. 4. (a) Box and whisker distributions of the −3 dB bandwidth and (b) achieved data rate for perovskite devices with varied active layer thickness. Here, the mean of the data is represented as a square, the median a solid line, and the ends of the box represent the 25%–75% range.

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Fig. 5. (a) Transient photovoltage measurements for triple-cation perovskite solar cells with varied thickness. (b) Fitted RC time constant from this measurement.

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Fig. 6. Example frequency response for each perovskite thickness device.

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Fig. 7. Example of bit loading from one measurement of each thickness: (a) 60 nm, (b) 170 nm, (c) 250 nm, (d) 640 nm, (e) 840 nm, (f) 965 nm.

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Perov. Thickness [nm]	Best PCE [%]	PCE [%]	FF [%]	$J_{SC}$ [ $mA / {cm}^{2}$ ]	$V_{OC}$ [V]	$R_{S}$ [ $k Ω \cdot {cm}^{2}$ ]	$R_{SH}$ [ $k Ω \cdot {cm}^{2}$ ]
60	2.9	$2.4 \pm 0.6$	$41 \pm 2$	$0.07 \pm 0.01$	$0.71 \pm 0.11$	$4.3 \pm 0.8$	$26.9 \pm 7$
170	18.7	$16.3 \pm 1.8$	$71 \pm 5$	$0.22 \pm 0.01$	$0.92 \pm 0.02$	$0.6 \pm 0.2$	$143 \pm 80$
250	20.3	$18.2 \pm 2.7$	$72 \pm 9$	$0.25 \pm 0.01$	$0.92 \pm 0.02$	$0.7 \pm 0.1$	$99.1 \pm 40$
640	21.4	$19.7 \pm 1.1$	$72 \pm 2$	$0.27 \pm 0.01$	$0.92 \pm 0.01$	$0.5 \pm 0.1$	$81.3 \pm 20$
840	14.9	$13.6 \pm 1.2$	$57 \pm 3$	$0.25 \pm 0.01$	$0.87 \pm 0.01$	$0.8 \pm 0.5$	$21.6 \pm 5$
965	13.8	$12.6 \pm 1.2$	$57 \pm 2$	$0.23 \pm 0.02$	$0.86 \pm 0.02$	$0.9 \pm 0.2$	$10.7 \pm 4$

Table 1. Cell Performance of Triple-Cation Devices with Varied Active Layer Thickness Using a White LED with an Incident Optical Power of

0.9 mW / {cm}^{2}

^a,^b

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Perov. Thickness [nm]	EQE under Low Intensity [%]	EQE with Red Laser [%]	PCE with Red Laser [%]	Power Generated [mW]
60	28	16	6.1	3.1
170	39	24	9.0	4.5
250	53	24	6.5	3.3
640	61	24	7.7	3.9
840	56	31	8.8	4.4
965	59	26	6.7	3.3

Table 2. External Quantum Efficiency of Triple-Cation Solar Cells under 660 nm Low Intensity and Laser Illumination, and Power Conversion Efficiency and Power Generated under 50 mW Laser Power

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Perov. Thickness [nm]	Bandwidth [kHz]	Data Rate [Mbps]	BER	Sample Size
60	$114 \pm 5$	$31 \pm 4$	$2.8 \times 10^{- 3}$	10
170	$211 \pm 71$	$32 \pm 5$	$3.3 \times 10^{- 3}$	8
250	$259 \pm 30$	$49 \pm 4$	$3.0 \times 10^{- 3}$	13
640	$367 \pm 100$	$43 \pm 7$	$3.0 \times 10^{- 3}$	12
840	$386 \pm 55$	$24 \pm 1$	$3.2 \times 10^{- 3}$	14
965	$400 \pm 73$	$33 \pm 4$	$3.0 \times 10^{- 3}$	21

Table 3. Average and Standard Deviation of

- 3 dB

Bandwidth, Data Rate, BER, and Number of Measured Samples of Triple-Cation Photodetectors with Varied Active Layer Thickness

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Perov. Thickness [nm]	$B_{1} [10^{3}]$	$τ_{1}$ [ns]	$B_{2} [10^{3}]$	$τ_{2}$ [ns]
60	91.3	2.0	4.6	8.2
170	101.3	4.2	10.7	11.5
250	9.0	8.1	0.2	28.1
640	7.1	18.2	1.5	83.4
840	5.5	23.6	3.8	70.7
965	5.3	59.4	3.9	125.5

Table 4. Coefficients

(B_{1}, B_{2})

and Lifetimes

(τ_{1}, τ_{2})

Extracted from the Two-Exponential Fit of TRPL Data for All Perovskite Devices of Varied Active Layer Thickness^a

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Perov. Thickness [nm]	Bandwidth Estimation			Transient Photovoltage
Perov. Thickness [nm]	$R C = 1 / (2 π f_{- 3 dB})$ [ns]	Cell Resistance [ $Ω$ ]	Capacitance [nF]	Fitted RC Time Const. [ns]	Calculated $f_{- 3 dB}$ [kHz]
60	1485	271	5.5	1140	142
170	569	138	4.1	570	285
250	385	135	2.9	390	415
640	293	187	1.6	280	582
840	264	239	1.1	260	606
965	221	269	0.8	230	700

Table 5. Measured Device Resistance, Calculated Capacitance, and RC Time Constant for Triple-Cation Devices of Varied Active Layer Thickness Using Two Methods: Bandwidth Estimation and Transient Photovoltage

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Perovskite Thickness [nm]	Precursor Solution Concentration [mol/L]	Spin-Coating Condition
60	0.25	6000 r/min (40 s)
170	0.25	1000 r/min (40 s)
250	0.5	2000 r/min $(10 s) + 6000 r / \min$ (30 s)
640	1	2000 r/min $(10 s) + 6000 r / \min$ (30 s)
840	1	1400 r/min (40 s)
965	1	1000 r/min (40 s)