Author Affiliations
1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China;2 Key Laboratory of Roll Forming Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Schematic of numerical model
Fig. 2. Schematic of mesh generation
Fig. 3. Schematic of surface defect detection by SLS
Fig. 4. Displacement signals at upper surface by laser source irradiation for different distances from detection point. (a) 1 mm; (b) 1.2 mm; (c) 1.4 mm; (d) 1.7 mm; (e) 2.4 mm
Fig. 5. Displacement signals of laser-induced surface acoustic waves under different temperatures. (a) No defects; (b) with defects
Fig. 6. Waveforms in frequency domain of laser-induced surface acoustic waves under different temperatures
Fig. 7. Displacement waveforms at different defect depths
Fig. 8. Time difference δtAB versus defect depth under different temperatures
Fig. 9. Displacement waveforms at different defect widths
Fig. 10. Time difference δtAB versus defect width under different temperatures
Fig. 11. Finite element model of interaction between surface acoustic wave and front edge of defects
Fig. 12. Displacement fields of front edge of defects interacting with surface acoustic wave. (a) t=0.3 μs; (b) t=0.5 μs; (c) t=0.6 μs
Fig. 13. Propagation path produced by front edge of defects interacting with surface acoustic wave
Fig. 14. Signal in time domain of front edge of defects interacting with surface acoustic wave
Fig. 15. Finite element model of interaction between surface acoustic wave and rear edge of defects
Fig. 16. Displacement signal of surface acoustic wave interacting with rear edge of defects
Fig. 17. Displacement fields of rear edge of defects interacting with surface acoustic wave. (a) t=0.3 μs; (b) t=0.4 μs; (c) t=0.6 μs; (d) t=0.7 μs
Fig. 18. Schematic of propagation of feature point K
Fig. 19. Schematic of interaction process between surface acoustic wave and surface defects
Parameter | Absorptivity | Density /(kg·m-3) | Specific heat /(J·kg-1·K-1) | Thermalconductivecoefficient /(W·m-1·K-1) | Youngmodulus /GPa | Poissonratio | Thermalexpansioncoefficient /(10-5·K-1) |
---|
Expression | 0.052+3×10-5(T-300) | 249.5-0.08T | 780.3+0.48T | 2769-0.22T | 85-0.05T | 0.34+10-4×(T-300) | 17.7+0.018T |
|
Table 1. Thermophysical and mechanical parameters of aluminum used for calculation
Depth /mm | tK /μs | tL /μs |
---|
Numerical result | Theoretical result | Numerical result | Theoretical result |
---|
0.15 | 1.225 | 1.207 | 1.321 | 1.310 | 0.20 | 1.255 | 1.241 | 1.392 | 1.379 | 0.25 | 1.286 | 1.276 | 1.455 | 1.448 | 0.30 | 1.312 | 1.310 | 1.521 | 1.517 |
|
Table 2. Numerical and theoretical results of arrival time of feature points K and L
Depth /mm | T=300 K | T=500 K | T=700 K |
---|
D' /mm | Relative error /% | D' /mm | Relative error /% | D' /mm | Relative error /% |
---|
0.10 | 0.1232 | 23.20 | 0.1208 | 20.80 | 0.1200 | 20.00 | 0.15 | 0.1755 | 16.97 | 0.1678 | 11.87 | 0.1732 | 15.47 | 0.20 | 0.2248 | 12.38 | 0.2201 | 10.09 | 0.2127 | 6.35 | 0.25 | 0.2668 | 6.72 | 0.2618 | 4.72 | 0.2572 | 2.88 | 0.30 | 0.3112 | 3.73 | 0.3088 | 2.93 | 0.3069 | 2.30 | 0.35 | 0.3654 | 2.71 | 0.3558 | 1.66 | 0.3529 | 0.83 |
|
Table 3. Relative errors between numerical and theoretical results of defect depth