• Matter and Radiation at Extremes
  • Vol. 9, Issue 4, 047401 (2024)
Bingtao Feng1,*, Longjian Xie2,3, Xuyuan Hou1, Shucheng Liu1..., Luyao Chen1, Xinyu Zhao1, Chenyi Li1, Qiang Zhou1, Kuo Hu1, Zhaodong Liu1,4 and Bingbing Liu1|Show fewer author(s)
Author Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Synergetic Extreme Condition User Facility, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
  • 2Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BS, United Kingdom
  • 3Earth and Planetary Laboratory, Carnegie Institute for Science, Washington, District of Columbia 20015, USA
  • 4College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
  • show less
    DOI: 10.1063/5.0184031 Cite this Article
    Bingtao Feng, Longjian Xie, Xuyuan Hou, Shucheng Liu, Luyao Chen, Xinyu Zhao, Chenyi Li, Qiang Zhou, Kuo Hu, Zhaodong Liu, Bingbing Liu. A virtual thermometer for ultrahigh-temperature–pressure experiments in a large-volume press[J]. Matter and Radiation at Extremes, 2024, 9(4): 047401 Copy Citation Text show less
    Schematic of the internal structure of the Walker-type LVP module.
    Fig. 1. Schematic of the internal structure of the Walker-type LVP module.
    Configurations of BDD cell assemblies using (a) Mo and (b) TiC as the electrode, and (c) a Ca-doped ZrO2 sleeve as the heating insulation for ultrahigh-temperature experiments. These cell assemblies are modified from those presented in Ref. 4.
    Fig. 2. Configurations of BDD cell assemblies using (a) Mo and (b) TiC as the electrode, and (c) a Ca-doped ZrO2 sleeve as the heating insulation for ultrahigh-temperature experiments. These cell assemblies are modified from those presented in Ref. 4.
    Time–voltage relationship in phase angle control mode.
    Fig. 3. Time–voltage relationship in phase angle control mode.
    Schematics of the 2D axisymmetric model (a) and the 3D model without (b) and with (c) the thermocouple (TC). The grids indicate the meshes. The red dots indicate the center positions of the heaters.
    Fig. 4. Schematics of the 2D axisymmetric model (a) and the 3D model without (b) and with (c) the thermocouple (TC). The grids indicate the meshes. The red dots indicate the center positions of the heaters.
    Temperature–power relationship for the high-pressure-temperature experiments at 7.9 MN (∼28 GPa). The solid lines represent linear extrapolations of the temperature–heating power relationship within the effective temperature range of the D-type thermocouple, and the thick dashed lines represent data extrapolated using a cubic polynomial. The diamond symbols mark the maximum power and estimated temperature for each experiment.
    Fig. 5. Temperature–power relationship for the high-pressure-temperature experiments at 7.9 MN (∼28 GPa). The solid lines represent linear extrapolations of the temperature–heating power relationship within the effective temperature range of the D-type thermocouple, and the thick dashed lines represent data extrapolated using a cubic polynomial. The diamond symbols mark the maximum power and estimated temperature for each experiment.
    (a) and (b) BSE images of recovered samples from runs JLUC308 and JLUC272, respectively. (c) and (d) Magnified images of the areas inside the yellow frames in the central parts of the samples from runs JLUC308 and JLUC272, respectively. The main component of melts 1 and 2 are respectively Mg/Si/Al-rich and Zr-rich quenched crystals from melts.
    Fig. 6. (a) and (b) BSE images of recovered samples from runs JLUC308 and JLUC272, respectively. (c) and (d) Magnified images of the areas inside the yellow frames in the central parts of the samples from runs JLUC308 and JLUC272, respectively. The main component of melts 1 and 2 are respectively Mg/Si/Al-rich and Zr-rich quenched crystals from melts.
    Time–temperature relationship calculated by different models at an equivalent voltage of 3.69 V.
    Fig. 7. Time–temperature relationship calculated by different models at an equivalent voltage of 3.69 V.
    (a) Calculated temperature difference vs temperature from different models. (b) and (c) Calculated temperature difference vs temperature and load, respectively, from the 3D&AC model.
    Fig. 8. (a) Calculated temperature difference vs temperature from different models. (b) and (c) Calculated temperature difference vs temperature and load, respectively, from the 3D&AC model.
    Relationships between heating power and temperature obtained from finite element analysis of runs JLUC306, JLUC272, JLUC337, and JLUC419. Once the temperature exceeds 2600 K, the thermocouple starts reacting with other components, and the thermoelectric potential signals gradually become distorted. Below this temperature, the simulated values show good consistency with the experimental results.
    Fig. 9. Relationships between heating power and temperature obtained from finite element analysis of runs JLUC306, JLUC272, JLUC337, and JLUC419. Once the temperature exceeds 2600 K, the thermocouple starts reacting with other components, and the thermoelectric potential signals gradually become distorted. Below this temperature, the simulated values show good consistency with the experimental results.
    Temperature contour maps obtained from (a) the 3D axisymmetric model and (b) the model with thermocouple (b). These maps were generated by mirroring and rotating the initial model. The nodal temperatures at the centers of the heaters are indicated by the small circles.
    Fig. 10. Temperature contour maps obtained from (a) the 3D axisymmetric model and (b) the model with thermocouple (b). These maps were generated by mirroring and rotating the initial model. The nodal temperatures at the centers of the heaters are indicated by the small circles.
    (a) Relationship between temperature and Y coordinate. The radial direction is designated as the X axis and the axial direction as the Y axis, as shown in Fig. 10(b). The inset is an isothermal contour map of the model with thermocouple. (b) Relationship between temperature and X coordinate.
    Fig. 11. (a) Relationship between temperature and Y coordinate. The radial direction is designated as the X axis and the axial direction as the Y axis, as shown in Fig. 10(b). The inset is an isothermal contour map of the model with thermocouple. (b) Relationship between temperature and X coordinate.
    Specific heat capacity c [J/(kg K)] c = a + bT + cT2 + dT3
    abcd
    Diamond−455.64.111−2.330 × 10−34.440 × 10−750–220028
    MgO12430.027 203.897 × 10−76.328 × 10−11520–300029
    ZrO2472.10.227 2298–127327
    TiC661.00.200 9−2.601 × 10−54.406 × 10−91273–277330
    WC−61.531.608−3.120 × 10−32.624 × 10−633–120031
    W/Re thermocouple120.0573–127324
    Table 1. Parameters of materials used in the present study.
    RunElectrodeSampleaThermal insulatorLoad (MN)/pressure (GPa)bTemperaturec (K)Quench productsa
    JLUC231MoEn75Cor25No insulator7.9/∼282850Al–Brg + Cor
    JLUC263TiCEn75Cor25No insulator7.9/∼283055Al–Brg + quench crystals
    JLUC272TiCEn75Cor25ZrO27.9/∼28>3500Quench crystals
    JLUC419TiCEn75Cor25ZrO22.8/∼192687Quench crystals + trace Gar + ZrO2 + TiC
    JLUC337TiCEn75Cor25ZrO24.6/∼233207Quench crystals
    JLUC308TiCEn75Cor25ZrO27.9/∼283473Al–Brg + quench crystals
    JLUC300TiCEn75Cor25ZrO27.9/∼28>3500Quench crystals
    JLUC306TiCMgOZrO27.9/∼28>3500Quench crystals
    Table 2. Summary of ultrahigh-temperature experiments using BDD heater at loads of 2.8–7.9 MN.
    Bingtao Feng, Longjian Xie, Xuyuan Hou, Shucheng Liu, Luyao Chen, Xinyu Zhao, Chenyi Li, Qiang Zhou, Kuo Hu, Zhaodong Liu, Bingbing Liu. A virtual thermometer for ultrahigh-temperature–pressure experiments in a large-volume press[J]. Matter and Radiation at Extremes, 2024, 9(4): 047401
    Download Citation