Optoelectronic techniques have developed rapidly in recent years and play a crucial role in various fields, particularly energy harvesting and sensing. The smart wearable device has also gained widespread acceptance by the market as the next hotspot of smart terminal industry. In order to fabricate intelligent wearable devices, optoelectronic techniques will inevitably become more prevalent in textile industry. The advantages of textile material, including flexibility, wearability, and mature processing technology, make it an excellent carrier of intelligent electronic devices. Based on optoelectronic techniques, intelligent textiles can achieve a variety of additional functions, such as sensing, energy harvesting, and interaction. Therefore, this paper summarizes the classification, development, and application of smart wearable textiles based on optoelectronic techniques, which can better integrate with traditional textile structure and technology, thereby promoting the development of smart textiles in various fields.