Flame Retardant Mechanism Investigation of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Composite/Ammonium Polyphosphate/Aluminum Hydroxide Composites Based on Spectroscopy Analysis

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Fig. 1. SEM images of char residues for TPU and FR-TPU composites
(a): TPU; (b): TPU/APP20;(c): TPU/ATH20; (d): TPU/APP10/ATH10

Fig. 2. FTIR spectra of char residues for TPU and FR-TPU composites

Fig. 3. XPS spectra of char residues for TPU and FR-TPU composites

Fig. 4. C(1s) spectra of char residue for TPU and FR-TPU composites
(a): TPU; (b): TPU/APP20; (c): TPU/ATH20; (d): TPU/APP10/ATH10

Fig. 5. O(1s) spectra of char residue for TPU and FR-TPU composites
(a): TPU; (b): TPU/APP20; (c): TPU/ATH20; (d): TPU/APP10/ATH10

Fig. 6. N(1s) spectra of char residue for TPU and FR-TPU composites
(a): TPU; (b): TPU/APP20; (c): TPU/ATH20; (d): TPU/APP10/ATH10

Fig. 7. Raman spectra of char residue for TPU and FR-TPU composites
(a): TPU; (b): TPU/APP20; (c): TPU/ATH20; (d): TPU/APP10/ATH10

Fig. 8. Schematic illustration for the flame retasdancy mechanism of TPU/APP/ATH composites

样品	Mass Fraction/Wt%			LOI/Vol%	UL-94 3.2 mm bar
样品	TPU	APP	ATH	LOI/Vol%	t₁/t₂	Dripping	Rating
TPU	100	0	0	22.5	>30 s	Y	NR
TPU/APP20	80	20	0	31.0	0.85/0.97	N	V-0
TPU/APP15/ATH5	80	15	5	31.0	0.81/0.92	N	V-0
TPU/APP10/ATH10	80	10	10	31.5	0.98/0.66	N	V-0
TPU/APP5/ATH15	80	5	15	30.0	0.94/1.11	N	V-0
TPU/ATH20	80	0	20	24.0	9.74/2.45	Y	V-1

Table 1. Composition and flame retardant test results of TPU and FR-TPU composites

样品	C (At%)	O (At%)	N (At%)	P (At%)	Al (At%)
TPU	88.2	8.07	3.73	-	-
TPU/APP20	45.08	41.5	1.68	11.74	-
TPU/ATH20	54.21	27.09	2.34	-	16.36
TPU/APP10/ATH10	69.24	17.78	5.76	3.91	3.31

Table 2. Aromatic content of C, O and N in char residue of TPU and FR-TPU composites

样品	C—C/C—H 284.7 eV/%	C—O/C—N 285.7 eV/%	C—O/C—N 287.4 eV/%
TPU	61.05	35.65	3.30
TPU/APP20	79.39	17.62	2.99
TPU/ATH20	49.81	35.28	14.91
TPU/APP10/ATH10	45.38	45.00	9.63

Table 3. Bonding state data of C in char residue of TPU and FR-TPU composites

样品	O₂/H₂O 533.2 eV /%	—O— 532.5 eV /%	—O 531.3 eV /%
TPU	28.75	44.36	26.89
TPU/APP20	41.17	28.87	29.96
TPU/ATH20	35.26	37.74	27.00
TPU/APP10/ATH10	44.33	32.78	22.89

Table 4. Bonding state data of O in char residue of TPU and FR-TPU composites

Table 5. Bonding state data of N in char residue of TPU and FR-TPU composites

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