In order to increase the recognition rate of plant leaf images, the improved neural network algorithm is proposed. The model is established by radial basis function neural network. The multi loop quantum algorithm is used to determine the selection probability of each quantum individual, and the quantum rotation gate is dynamically adjusted in a certain range, and the node information of different rings shares the probability of nonlinear dynamic changes. The plant leaf image recognition includes shape features and texture features. The multi loop quantum algorithm is used to realize the radial basis function neural network parameter optimization. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has a higher average recognition rate of plant leaf image than other algorithms, with the geometric features 91%, texture features 89% and comprehensive features 93%, and the training and recognition time are 3.5 s and 2.5 s respectively.