Combining with the defect mode and the surface mode property of photonic crystal, a photonic crystal Fabry-Pérot heterogeneous structure containing absorption medium is proposed. The proposed structure consists of a periodical photonic crystal, a test sample and an external air layer, and the test sample is directly used as the surface defect cavity. The refractive index sensing mechanism of the proposed structure is analyzed based on the optical resonance theory and the surface wave theory. The effects of different absorption media on spectrum properties of the proposed structure are discussed. We find that the Q value of the sensing structure using the graphene as the absorption medium is significantly higher than that of structures using ZnS, Al2O3 and silver as the absorption medium. When the sample layer is used as the surface defect cavity, multiple total reflection ring-down can be achieved owing to the optical Tamm state resonance, the full interaction is achieved between the resonant optical signal and the test sample, and the sensitivity of the proposed structure is improved. The Q value of the proposed structure is 2097.18 and the sensitivity is 1017.98 nm/RIU. The results can provide certain theoretical reference value for high Q value and high sensitivity detection.