• Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
  • Vol. 59, Issue 5, 0530003 (2022)
Runzhou Lu1, Hong Jiang1、*, Ji Man2, Juan Chen3, Bin Duan4, and Feng Liu4
Author Affiliations
  • 1College of Investigation, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038, China
  • 2Beijing Huayi Hongsheng Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100123, China
  • 3Shanghai Oceanhood Opto-Electronics Tech Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201299, China
  • 4Nanjing Jianzhi Instrument and Equipment Co., Ltd., Nanjing , Jiangsu 210049, China
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    DOI: 10.3788/LOP202259.0530003 Cite this Article Set citation alerts
    Runzhou Lu, Hong Jiang, Ji Man, Juan Chen, Bin Duan, Feng Liu. Classification of Cigarette Cases by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Combined with Differential Raman Spectroscopy[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2022, 59(5): 0530003 Copy Citation Text show less
    Raman spectrum's pretreatment of sample 6
    Fig. 1. Raman spectrum's pretreatment of sample 6
    Dendrogram of 39 cigarette case samples using hierarchical clustering
    Fig. 2. Dendrogram of 39 cigarette case samples using hierarchical clustering
    Line chart of clustering coefficients
    Fig. 3. Line chart of clustering coefficients
    Raman spectra of 39 cigarette case samples
    Fig. 4. Raman spectra of 39 cigarette case samples
    Differential Raman spectra of 39 cigarette case samples
    Fig. 5. Differential Raman spectra of 39 cigarette case samples
    Fisher discriminant function distribution
    Fig. 6. Fisher discriminant function distribution
    LabelBrandSeriesLabelBrandSeries
    1Mount TaiCigar21Mountain Changbai777
    2Yellow Crane TowerWorld famous building22Yellow Crane TowerHard elegant fragrant gold
    3Lotus KingHard branchlets23Golden LeafJinmanTang
    4Good catChangle24Overseas new PeonyVietnam
    5Golden LeafGolden Eye25DiamondsGood luck
    6Nanjing95 supreme26LotusLotus
    7NanjingRiverstones27LongyanRed pine
    8Good catLong changle28Great Hall of the PeopleRoyal Orchid
    9NanjingJinling twelve hairpins29ESSEChange double
    10TianziGold30NanjingGrand View Garden
    11LongyanAuspicious sign31CamelStar anize hard yellow
    12Mount HuangshanNew concept of Huishang32LiqunLong mouth
    13YuxiSub branch 10833ZhonghuaDouble middle branches
    14Mount HuangshanRed square seal34JinshengTengwangge purple light
    15DiamondsFlos Nelumbinis35Mount HongtaHard classic 1956
    16Yellow Crane TowerHard Canyon36Yellow Crane TowerHard Canyon tender
    17Mount HuangshanMiddle red square seal37LanzhouHard treasures
    18Mount HongtaHard classic 10038LanzhouFine treasures
    19YuxiHard39MarlboroWhite golden
    20Golden LeafTianye
    Table 1. Table of cigarette case samples
    ClassificationLabel
    1,4,5,10,13,17,18,19,21,23,25,30,31,33,35,37,38,39
    2,3,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,20,27,28,34
    16,22,29,32,36
    24
    26
    Table 2. Classification results of samples using hierarchical clustering
    ComponentInitial eigenvalueExtraction sum of squared loadings
    TotalVariance /%Cumulative value /%TotalVariance /%Cumulative value /%
    1610.23426.95426.954610.23426.95426.954
    2290.04112.81139.765290.04112.81139.765
    1344.1591.9588.92144.1591.9588.921
    1437.451.65490.57537.451.65490.575
    Table 3. Total variance interpretation
    ClassificationLabel
    Ⅰ-118
    Ⅰ-25,23
    Ⅰ-31,13,17,19,30,31,33,35,37,38
    Ⅰ-410
    Ⅰ-54,21,25,39
    Ⅱ-12,3,8,20,34
    Ⅱ-214,15,27
    Ⅱ-36,7,9,11,12
    Ⅱ-428
    16,22,29,32,36
    24
    26
    Table 4. Classification results of samples using K-Means clustering
    ElementY1Y2Y3Y4
    Constant-6.993-11.214-5.3153.815
    Cl-0.0010.0010.0000.000
    Ca0.0000.0000.0000.000
    Ti0.0000.0000.0000.000
    Fe0.0000.001-0.0010.001
    Cu0.0000.001-0.0010.003
    Zn0.0000.000-0.0040.001
    Cd0.040-0.0090.056-0.054
    Sn-0.016-0.0110.044-0.054
    Sb0.0260.002-0.007-0.001
    Hg0.018-0.017-0.019-0.030
    Table 5. Canonical discriminant function coefficients
    FunctionEigenvalueVariance /%Cumulative value /%Canonical correlation
    Y112.566a52.352.30.962
    Y210.883 a45.397.60.957
    Y30.428a1.899.40.548
    Y40.150a0.61000.361
    Table 6. Eigenvalues of discriminant functions
    Test of functionsWilks'λChi-squaredfSig.
    1 through 40.004170.161400
    2 through 40.05190.63270
    3 through 40.60915.14160.514
    40.8694.26770.749
    Table 7. Wilks' λ
    Runzhou Lu, Hong Jiang, Ji Man, Juan Chen, Bin Duan, Feng Liu. Classification of Cigarette Cases by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Combined with Differential Raman Spectroscopy[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2022, 59(5): 0530003
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