Research Progress of LiTi2(PO4)3 Anode for Aqueous Lithium-ion Batteries

Yutong WANG; Feifan ZHANG; Naicai XU; Chunxia WANG; Lishan CUI; Guoyong HUANG

doi:10.15541/jim20210502

Journals >Journal of Inorganic Materials >Volume 37 >Issue 5 >Page 481 > Article

Journal of Inorganic Materials
Vol. 37, Issue 5, 481 (2022)

Research Progress of LiTi₂(PO₄)₃ Anode for Aqueous Lithium-ion Batteries

Yutong WANG¹, Feifan ZHANG¹, Naicai XU², Chunxia WANG¹..., Lishan CUI¹ and Guoyong HUANG^1,*|Show fewer author(s)

Author Affiliations

¹1. State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China

²2. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China

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DOI: 10.15541/jim20210502 Cite this Article

Yutong WANG, Feifan ZHANG, Naicai XU, Chunxia WANG, Lishan CUI, Guoyong HUANG. Research Progress of LiTi₂(PO₄)₃ Anode for Aqueous Lithium-ion Batteries[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2022, 37(5): 481 Copy Citation Text

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1. Potential-pH diagram of typical electrode materials

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2. Crystal structure of LiTi₂(PO₄)₃^[17]

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3. Schematical illustration of the fabrication process of lithium titranium phosphate nanowires (LTPNMs)^[38]

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4. Schematic diagram of electrospinning (a), comparison of rate performance between LiTi₂(PO₄)₃ fibers and particles (b)^[24]

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5. Comparison chart of rate performance of four coated carbon sources

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6. Discharge capacity for successive cycling at different current densities (a), long-term cycling behavior at current densities of 4 and 6 A·g^-1(b) of LiTi₂(PO₄)₃/C and LiTi_1.8Sn_0.2(PO₄)₃/C^[24]

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Type	Operating voltage/V	Safety	Electrolyte	Solvent	Cost
Organic Li-ion battery	3.6-4.2	Low	LiPF₆, LiAsF₆, etc	EC, DMC, DEC, etc	High
Aqeuous Li-ion battery	1.5-2.0	High	Li₂SO₄, LiNO₃, etc	H₂O	Moderate

Table 1. Comparison of the characteristics of aqeuous and organic lithium-ion batteries^[8]

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Anode material	Specific capacity/ (mAh·g^-1)	Potential/V(vs. Li⁺/Li)	Potential/V(vs. NHE)	Features
LiTi₂(PO₄)₃	138	2.5	-0.5	Moderate specific capacity, stable framework
TiP₂O₇	121	2.6	-0.4	Low specific capacity, high Li-intercalation potential
VO₂	250	2.6	-0.4	High specific capacity, poor cycling performance
LiV₃O₈	250	2.6	-0.4	Fragile during cycling

Table 2. Parameters of some anode materials for aqeuous lithium-ion battery^[14]

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Method	Starting materials			Product characteristic	Features	Ref.
	Li source	Ti source	P source	Morphology	Features	Ref.
Solid state	LiH₂PO₄	TiO₂	NH₄H₂PO₄	Irregular particles	Long calcination time, high temperature	[20]
Sol-Gel	CH₃COOLi	Ti(C₄H₉O)₄	H₃PO₄	Particles	Short calcination time, low temperature	[21]
Hydrothermal synthesis	CH₃COOLi	Ti(C₄H₉O)₄	NH₄H₂PO₄	Regular particles	Regular particle morphology, great crystallinity	[22]
Co-precipitation method	LiOH	Ti(C₄H₉O)₄	H₃PO₄	Particles	Requiring precise control	[23]
Electrospinning	CH₃COOLi	Ti(C₄H₉O)₄	NH₄H₂PO₄	Fiber	Ideal electrochemical performance, difficult industrialization	[24]

Table 3. Comparison of common synthetic methods of LiTi₂(PO₄)₃

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Calcination parameter	Coating method	Carbon source	Weight percentage of carbon/%	Current density/(mA·g^-1)	Specific capacity (cycles)/(mAh·g^-1)	Capacity retention/%	Ref.
800 ℃-12 h	In-situ	Citric acid	6.2	138	106.1(1)-89(1300)	84	[36]
900 ℃-12 h	Ex-situ	Toluene	12	700	100(1)-83(200)	83	[31]
800 ℃-12 h	Ex-situ	Acetylene Black	18	140	106.3(1)-86.5(100)	81	[81]
850 ℃-12 h	Ex-situ	Acetylene Black	-	1400	91.3(1)-74.4(100)	81	[82]
700 ℃-12 h	In-situ	Pitch	17.5	1380	107(1)-75.5(1000)	70	[83]
550 ℃-24 h	In-situ	Sucrose	3.5	1400	110(1)-104(800)	94	[17]
750 ℃-5 h	In-situ	Polyaniline	5.9	276	115.2(1)-94.6(1000)	82	[84]
750 ℃-5 h	In-situ	Polyacrylonitrile	5.9	690	95(1)-82.1(1000)	86	[85]
900 ℃-12 h	In-situ	Graphene oxide	1.79	~1380	110(1)-100(100)	91	[78]
800 ℃-10 h	In-situ	Graphene oxide	-	~276	105(1)-97.86(100)	93.2	[77]
700 ℃-5 h	In-situ	Graphene oxide, phenolic resin	16.2	~690	101.1(1)-78(1000)	77.2	[80]
800 ℃-8 h	Ex-situ	β-Cyclodextrin	3.13	~690	120(1)-(200)111.3	88.7	[86]

Table 4. Comparison of electrochemical performance of different carbon sources and coating methods by Sol-Gel

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