Author Affiliations
1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China2School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, Chinashow less
1. TGA curve of oyster shell (A) and XRD patterns of oyster shell before and after calcination (B)
2. Effect of adsorption time on the sorption of Pb(II) (A) and MO (B) by bio-CaCO3
3. Pseudo-first-order (A), pseudo-second-order (B), and Intraparticle diffusion model (C) fitting for Pb(II) sorption by bio-CaCO3
4. Effects of pH (A) and ionic strength (B) on Pb(II) sorption by bio-CaCO3
5. Adsorption isothermals of Pb(II) on bio-CaCO3
6. Plots of distribution coefficient against temperature for Pb(II) adsorption with different concentrations by bio-CaCO3
7. XRD patterns of bio-CaCO3 after Pb(II) sorption (A) and structure image of cerussite (B)
8. SEM images of bio-CaCO3 before (A) and after Pb(II) sorption (B, C)
9. MO removal percentage of bio-CaCO3 and activated carbon
10. SEM images of bio-CaCO3 before (A) and after (B) MO sorption
Element | Na | Mg | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | K | Ca | Fe | Cu | Sr |
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Mass fraction/wt% | 1.10 | 0.28 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.02 | 97.43 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.33 | Oxide | Na2O | MgO | Al2O3 | SiO2 | P2O5 | SO3 | Cl | K2O | CaO | Fe2O3 | CuO | SrO | Mass fraction/wt% | 1.25 | 0.39 | 0.07 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.43 | 0.24 | 0.02 | 96.92 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.24 |
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Table 1. XRF results of oyster shell
Adsorbents | BET area/(m2·g-1) | Pore size/nm | Zeta potential/mV | Size/nm |
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Oyster shell | 4.32 | 6.53 | -31.0 | 836 | Calcined oyster shell | 4.93 | 6.22 | -19.1 | 4156 |
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Table 2. Physical property of oyster and calcined oyster
Pseudo-first-order model | Pseudo-second-order model |
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R2 | κ1/min-1 | qe/(mg∙g-1) | R2 | κ2/min-1 | qe/(mg∙g-1) | 0.477 | 0.00225 | 600.94 | 0.998 | 2.61×10-5 | 2092.05 |
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Table 3. Kinetic parameters of Pb(II) sorption by bio-CaCO3
Kd1/(mg∙g-1∙min-1/2) | Kd2/(mg∙g-1∙min-1/2) | Kd3/(mg∙g-1∙min-1/2) | C1 | C2 | C3 | R12 | R22 | R32 |
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470.71 | 77.0 | 8.55 | -220.39 | 1034.38 | 1747.0 | 1.0 | 0.95 | 0.78 |
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Table 4. Intraparticle diffusion model constants and correlation coefficient for Pb(II) sorption by bio-CaCO3
T/℃ | Langmuir | Freundlich |
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Qm/(mg∙g-1) | KL/(L∙mg-1) | R2 | KF/(mg∙g-1) | n | R2 |
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25 | 1775.33 | 0.041 | 0.992 | 415.3 | 4.1 | 0.898 | 35 | 1415.94 | 0.059 | 0.998 | 441.1 | 5.1 | 0.876 | 50 | 1237.35 | 0.063 | 0.986 | 421.8 | 5.6 | 0.885 |
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Table 5. Parameters of Pb(II) sorption by bio-CaCO3 for Langmuir and Freundlich constants models
[Pb(II)]initial/(mol∙L-1) | ΔHθ/(kJ∙mol-1) | ΔSθ/(J∙mol-1∙K-1) | ΔGθ/(kJ∙mol-1) |
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298 K | 308 K | 323 K |
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9.09×10-4 | -8.24 | -14.92 | -3.79 | -3.64 | -3.42 | 1.36×10-3 | -7.85 | -16.35 | -2.98 | -2.81 | -2.57 | 1.82×10-3 | -8.29 | -19.33 | -2.53 | -2.33 | -2.04 | 2.27×10-3 | -8.09 | -20.06 | -2.11 | -1.91 | -1.61 | 2.73×10-3 | -7.42 | -18.98 | -1.76 | -1.57 | -1.29 | 3.18×10-3 | -7.71 | -20.77 | -1.52 | -1.31 | -1.00 | 3.41×10-3 | -5.87 | -15.04 | -1.39 | -1.23 | -1.01 | Average | -7.64 | -17.92 | -2.30 | -2.11 | -1.85 |
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Table 6. Thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption of Pb(II) on bio-CaCO3
Adsorbents | Cs max/(mg·g-1) | pH | T/K | Ref. |
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Activated carbon | 21.80 | 6.0 | 303 | [30] | GMZ bentonite | 23.83 | 5.2 | 293 | [31] | S3.9%-g-C3N4 | 52.63 | 4.5 | 328 | [32] | GO | 937.65 | 4.4 | 298 | [33] | r-GO | 92.99 | 4.4 | 298 | [33] | Tianjin oyster shell without calcination | 1591 | 5.0 | 298 | [14] | Guangzhou calcined oyster shell | 1067 | ~7 | 298 | [13] | Rushan calcined oyster shell | 1775 | 5.0 | 298 | This work |
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Table 7. Comparison of Pb(II) adsorption capacity of Bio-CaCO3 with other adsorbents