Author Affiliations
1 Beijing SatImage Information Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100048, China1 School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China2 Satellite Surveying and Mapping Application Center, National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation, Beijing 100048, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Basic structure of FCN
Fig. 2. Diagram of network structure
Fig. 3. Diagram of regional consolidation
Fig. 4. Flow chart of classification method
Fig. 5. Original images and tag data examples. (a) Example 1; (b) example 2
Fig. 6. Classification results of different methods. (a) Original image; (b) segmentation result of mean-shift ①;(c) segmentation result of mean-shift ②; (d) segmentation result of mean-shift ③; (e) true classification image;(f) classification result of SVM ; (g) classification result of ANN; (h) classification result of FCN-16; (i) classification result of FCN-8; (j) classification result of proposed FCN; (k) classification result of proposed FCN adding segmentation result of mean-shift ①; (l) classifi
Fig. 7. Marked images of some details. (a) True classification image; (b) classification result of FCN-16; (c) classification result of proposed FCN adding segmentation result of mean-shift ②
Type ofground | B | F | W | R | S | G |
---|
B | 81.7 | 8.1 | 2.1 | 45.2 | 64.1 | 45.8 | F | 3.8 | 70.0 | 15.1 | 8.8 | 7.2 | 6.9 | W | 0.5 | 0.4 | 79.6 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | R | 11.6 | 14.4 | 2.5 | 43.6 | 13.3 | 4.5 | S | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 6.7 | 0.8 | G | 1.7 | 7.1 | 0.7 | 2.1 | 8.6 | 42.0 | OA | 66.08 |
|
Table 1. Confusion matrice and overall accuracy of SVM classification method%
Type ofground | B | F | W | R | S | G |
---|
B | 82.0 | 11.2 | 2.5 | 51.1 | 72.5 | 53.0 | F | 4.4 | 68.3 | 12.0 | 7.4 | 8.1 | 32.5 | W | 0.4 | 3.7 | 83.4 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 2.8 | R | 13.2 | 16.8 | 2.2 | 40.9 | 17.5 | 11.7 | S | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | G | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | OA | 64.79 |
|
Table 2. Confusion matrice and overall accuracy of ANN classification method%
Type ofground | B | F | W | R | S | G |
---|
B | 86.3 | 2.6 | 0 | 18.86 | 34.53 | 0.38 | F | 4.1 | 82.7 | 5.84 | 20.93 | 28.52 | 51.52 | W | 1.7 | 1.7 | 92.56 | 3.81 | 2.88 | 11.69 | R | 2.7 | 5.6 | 0.14 | 34.56 | 1.70 | 0.14 | S | 3.8 | 1.9 | 0.30 | 1.32 | 19.80 | 13.37 | G | 1.4 | 5.6 | 1.16 | 20.51 | 12.57 | 22.91 | OA | 71.6 |
|
Table 3. Confusion matrice and overall accuracy of FCN-16 classification method%
Type ofground | B | F | W | R | S | G |
---|
B | 83.54 | 3.68 | 0.14 | 21.24 | 35.77 | 8.49 | F | 8.13 | 89.59 | 8.93 | 38.10 | 28.27 | 36.16 | W | 1.91 | 0.57 | 89.92 | 2.16 | 2.90 | 2.18 | R | 2.46 | 3.25 | 0.46 | 22.96 | 5.54 | 2.40 | S | 1.06 | 0.19 | 0.01 | 1.67 | 9.77 | 1.61 | G | 2.90 | 2.72 | 0.54 | 13.87 | 17.75 | 49.16 | OA | 68.8 |
|
Table 4. Confusion matrice and overall accuracy of FCN-8 classification method%
Type ofground | B | F | W | R | S | G |
---|
B | 86.2 | 0.83 | 0 | 10.61 | 14.3 | 1.8 | F | 1.97 | 82.41 | 2.34 | 11.15 | 19.4 | 26.2 | W | 0.23 | 0.30 | 96.77 | 3.96 | 2.7 | 0 | R | 4.59 | 13.39 | 0.55 | 69.51 | 10.4 | 1.1 | S | 6.36 | 1.81 | 0.32 | 3.36 | 52.7 | 4.7 | G | 0.62 | 1.26 | 0.02 | 1.42 | 0.4 | 66.3 | OA | 80.90 |
|
Table 5. Confusion matrice and overall accuracy of proposed FCN classification method%
Type ofground | B | F | W | R | S | G |
---|
B | 86.7 | 0.8 | 0 | 14.1 | 18.5 | 7.4 | F | 1.2 | 84.7 | 2.6 | 9.9 | 17.3 | 10.0 | W | 0 | 0.6 | 96.2 | 2.9 | 1.7 | 0 | R | 4.5 | 11.5 | 1.0 | 68.9 | 9.3 | 4.5 | S | 5.3 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 4.1 | 53.1 | 9.6 | G | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 68.6 | OA | 82.1 |
|
Table 6. Confusion matrice and overall accuracy of proposed FCN adding segmentation result of mean-shift ①%
Type ofground | B | F | W | R | S | G |
---|
B | 91.0 | 1.8 | 0 | 17.9 | 16.5 | 8.9 | F | 1.0 | 82.6 | 2.9 | 8.7 | 14.3 | 14.3 | W | 0 | 0.8 | 95.0 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 0 | R | 5.4 | 13.1 | 1.6 | 69.5 | 9.0 | 0.3 | S | 2.1 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 1.8 | 58.5 | 0 | G | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 76.5 | OA | 83.5 |
|
Table 7. Confusion matrice and overall accuracy of proposed FCN adding segmentation result of mean-shift ②%
Type ofground | B | F | W | R | S | G |
---|
B | 85.5 | 1.0 | 0 | 18.2 | 18.9 | 12.8 | F | 0.9 | 79.1 | 2.0 | 8.2 | 12.9 | 0 | W | 0 | 0.6 | 94.5 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 0 | R | 8.7 | 17.8 | 3.2 | 68.0 | 15.3 | 5.7 | S | 3.9 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 2.3 | 51.1 | 0 | G | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 81.5 | OA | 79.4 |
|
Table 8. Confusion matrice and overall accuracy of proposedFCN adding segmentation result of mean-shift ③%