• Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
  • Vol. 55, Issue 2, 020009 (2018)
Shiming Xiang1、*, Xuewu Fan1, Na He1, and Zhe Bai1
Author Affiliations
  • 1 Xi'an Institute of Applied Optics, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
  • 1 Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
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    DOI: 10.3788/LOP55.020009 Cite this Article Set citation alerts
    Shiming Xiang, Xuewu Fan, Na He, Zhe Bai. Review on Low Light Level Remote Sensing Imaging Technology[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2018, 55(2): 020009 Copy Citation Text show less
    (a) Visible and (b) infrared images of human hand and house lizard
    Fig. 1. (a) Visible and (b) infrared images of human hand and house lizard
    Typical vision characteristic curves of human eyes[2]
    Fig. 2. Typical vision characteristic curves of human eyes[2]
    CCD array map of full-color remote sensing camera
    Fig. 3. CCD array map of full-color remote sensing camera
    Three typical video frequency devices. (a) ICCD; (b) EBCCD; (c) EMCCD
    Fig. 4. Three typical video frequency devices. (a) ICCD; (b) EBCCD; (c) EMCCD
    System diagram for testing ICCD performances
    Fig. 5. System diagram for testing ICCD performances
    Overall layout of performance test system for projector-type ICCD
    Fig. 6. Overall layout of performance test system for projector-type ICCD
    Effect of ICCD stitching accuracy on remote sensing images
    Fig. 7. Effect of ICCD stitching accuracy on remote sensing images
    Schematic of general performance test for low light level remote sensing and simulation system
    Fig. 8. Schematic of general performance test for low light level remote sensing and simulation system
    Three types of couple methods comparison of low light level tube/CCD
    Fig. 9. Three types of couple methods comparison of low light level tube/CCD
    Performance comparison of the low light level night vision technology in all generations
    Fig. 10. Performance comparison of the low light level night vision technology in all generations
    Gauss h(λ) curves in color area
    Fig. 11. Gauss h(λ) curves in color area
    Effect of fuzzy inversion algorithm for dynamic image from remote sensing camera. (a) Fuzzy image; (b) clear image
    Fig. 12. Effect of fuzzy inversion algorithm for dynamic image from remote sensing camera. (a) Fuzzy image; (b) clear image
    Schematic of remote sensing camera stray light test
    Fig. 13. Schematic of remote sensing camera stray light test
    Schematic of 3D imaging principle of remote sensing radar
    Fig. 14. Schematic of 3D imaging principle of remote sensing radar
    Spectral distribution of underwater optical transmittance
    Fig. 15. Spectral distribution of underwater optical transmittance
    Principle diagram of γ-ray position sensitive detector with wedge array anodes
    Fig. 16. Principle diagram of γ-ray position sensitive detector with wedge array anodes
    DeviceSubstrate materialDark current /(A·cm-2)Number of noise electrons in a pixel of 10 μm×10 μm
    CCD cameraSi10-7-10-86.3×103-6.3×102
    ICCD photocathodeSb-K-Na-Cs, GaAs10-15-10-136.3×10-3-6.3×10-1
    Table 1. Noise level comparison between CCD and ICCD at room temperature
    Vision judge rank for signal-to-noise ratio12345
    Uncertainty of vision judge3.173×10-14.55×10-22.7×10-36×10-56×10-7
    Table 2. Vision judge rank and their signal-to-noise ratio
    DeviceTypeFeatureComprehensive grade
    ICCDIntensifier/fiber optics /CCDTight structure, easy to made, medium K level2A
    EBCCDPhotocathode/electro-optic system /CCDHigh electronic gain, high K level, complexfabrication process, high priceA
    EMCCDCCD with electron-avalanche multiplicationHigh electronic gain, high thermalnoise level, low resolutionB
    Table 3. Performance of ICCD, EBCCD, and EMCCD
    ParameterValue
    Resolution512/1024/2048/4096 (new)
    Image element size /(μm×μm)14×14, 7×7 (new)
    Sensitive area size /mm7.2/14.4/28.7/57 (new)
    Max frame frequency /kHz73/37.8/19.2
    Data frequency /MHz40
    Sensitivity /(V·μJ·cm-2)43.7
    Dynamic range1820∶1
    Pack construction24-foot DIP
    Work temperature /℃≤60
    Number markIL-P3-1024
    Table 4. Performance parameters of line array CCD of DALSA company
    ParameterPoissonnoiseThermal noiseof photocathodeThermal noiseof CCDCCD transfer noiseof 1 pixel imageCCD transfer noiseof 1000 pixels imageCCD transfer noise of19×1000 pixels image
    Value1.61×1036.3×10-16.3×1031021051.9×106
    Table 5. Photon Poisson noise, thermal noise of photocathode and CCD, and CCD transfer noise in images of 1 pixel, 1000 pixels and 19×1000 pixels
    Shiming Xiang, Xuewu Fan, Na He, Zhe Bai. Review on Low Light Level Remote Sensing Imaging Technology[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2018, 55(2): 020009
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