Author Affiliations
1 Xi'an Institute of Applied Optics, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China1 Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. (a) Visible and (b) infrared images of human hand and house lizard
Fig. 2. Typical vision characteristic curves of human eyes[2]
Fig. 3. CCD array map of full-color remote sensing camera
Fig. 4. Three typical video frequency devices. (a) ICCD; (b) EBCCD; (c) EMCCD
Fig. 5. System diagram for testing ICCD performances
Fig. 6. Overall layout of performance test system for projector-type ICCD
Fig. 7. Effect of ICCD stitching accuracy on remote sensing images
Fig. 8. Schematic of general performance test for low light level remote sensing and simulation system
Fig. 9. Three types of couple methods comparison of low light level tube/CCD
Fig. 10. Performance comparison of the low light level night vision technology in all generations
Fig. 11. Gauss h(λ) curves in color area
Fig. 12. Effect of fuzzy inversion algorithm for dynamic image from remote sensing camera. (a) Fuzzy image; (b) clear image
Fig. 13. Schematic of remote sensing camera stray light test
Fig. 14. Schematic of 3D imaging principle of remote sensing radar
Fig. 15. Spectral distribution of underwater optical transmittance
Fig. 16. Principle diagram of γ-ray position sensitive detector with wedge array anodes
Device | Substrate material | Dark current /(A·cm-2) | Number of noise electrons in a pixel of 10 μm×10 μm |
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CCD camera | Si | 10-7-10-8 | 6.3×103-6.3×102 | ICCD photocathode | Sb-K-Na-Cs, GaAs | 10-15-10-13 | 6.3×10-3-6.3×10-1 |
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Table 1. Noise level comparison between CCD and ICCD at room temperature
Vision judge rank for signal-to-noise ratio | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
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Uncertainty of vision judge | 3.173×10-1 | 4.55×10-2 | 2.7×10-3 | 6×10-5 | 6×10-7 |
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Table 2. Vision judge rank and their signal-to-noise ratio
Device | Type | Feature | Comprehensive grade |
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ICCD | Intensifier/fiber optics /CCD | Tight structure, easy to made, medium K level | 2A | EBCCD | Photocathode/electro-optic system /CCD | High electronic gain, high K level, complexfabrication process, high price | A | EMCCD | CCD with electron-avalanche multiplication | High electronic gain, high thermalnoise level, low resolution | B |
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Table 3. Performance of ICCD, EBCCD, and EMCCD
Parameter | Value |
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Resolution | 512/1024/2048/4096 (new) | Image element size /(μm×μm) | 14×14, 7×7 (new) | Sensitive area size /mm | 7.2/14.4/28.7/57 (new) | Max frame frequency /kHz | 73/37.8/19.2 | Data frequency /MHz | 40 | Sensitivity /(V·μJ·cm-2) | 43.7 | Dynamic range | 1820∶1 | Pack construction | 24-foot DIP | Work temperature /℃ | ≤60 | Number mark | IL-P3-1024 |
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Table 4. Performance parameters of line array CCD of DALSA company
Parameter | Poissonnoise | Thermal noiseof photocathode | Thermal noiseof CCD | CCD transfer noiseof 1 pixel image | CCD transfer noiseof 1000 pixels image | CCD transfer noise of19×1000 pixels image |
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Value | 1.61×103 | 6.3×10-1 | 6.3×103 | 102 | 105 | 1.9×106 |
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Table 5. Photon Poisson noise, thermal noise of photocathode and CCD, and CCD transfer noise in images of 1 pixel, 1000 pixels and 19×1000 pixels