Cement-based wave absorbing materials can effectively alleviate the impact of electromagnetic radiation in daily life. However, the conventional absorbent cannot be widely used in engineering due to its narrow effective band, low absorption efficiency and heavy mass. Nano-absorbers have the unique characteristics of quantum size effect, macroscopic quantum tunneling effect and interface effect. Therefore, the use of nano-absorbers cement-based modified wave absorbing materials can provide an effective approach for electromagnetic radiation protection. This review summarized recent studies on carbon nanotube cement-based wave absorbing materials, graphene cement-based wave absorbing materials and magnetic nano-metal cement based wave absorbing materials. In addition, the future research direction in this field was also discussed.