Author Affiliations
1Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Imaging Technology and System, Ministry of Education, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China2School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Experimental optical path of wide-field polarization-modulated imaging system
Fig. 2. Model of PSF obtained during polarization-modulated imaging stage
Fig. 3. Dataset for experiments
Fig. 4. Comparison of original and polarimetric images. (a) Original image; (b) sin δ image; (c) φ image
Fig. 5. Comparison of original and polarimetric images. (a)(d) Original images; (b)(e) sin δ images; (c)(f) φ images
Fig. 6. Comparison of polarimetric and FDTD-simulated images. (a) sin δ image; (b) φ image; (c) simulated sin δ image; (d) simulated φ image
Fig. 7. Light-intensity profiles of particle along tangent direction. (a) Original image; (b) polarimetric image; (c) light-intensity change of all pixel points in origin image; (d) light-intensity change of all pixel points in polarimetric image; (e) light-intensity change of particle pixel points in origin image; (f) light-intensity change of particle pixel points in polarimetric image
Fig. 8. Images of Stokes parameters. (a)--(d) Images of S0, S1, S2, and S3 parameters; (e)--(h) one particle extracted from images of S0, S1, S2, and S3 parameters at same place; (i)--(l) images of S0, S1, S2, and S3 parameters obtained from FDTD simulations
Fig. 9. PSF models of polarization-modulated imaging results. (a)--(c) Non-optimized PSF models of original image of sample to be tested, sin δ image, and φ image; (d)--(f) optimized PSF models of original image, sin δ image, and φ image
Fig. 10. Comparison of reconstruction effects of sin δ images by proposed method. (a)(d)(f) Original sin δ images; (b)(e)(g) optimized results by proposed method; (c) image difference between Fig. 10(a) and Fig. 10(b)
Fig. 11. Comparison of reconstruction effects of φ images by proposed method. (a)(d)(f) Original φ images; (b)(e)(g) results of variable exponential optimization; (c) image difference between Fig. 11(a) and Fig. 11(b)
Fig. 12. Comparison of imaging effects among proposed method, TV regularization, and Tikhonov regularization
Fig. 13. PSF models of polarization-modulated imaging results of polyethylene spheres. (a) PSF model of non-optimized sin δ image of sample to be tested; (b) PSF model of non-optimized φ image of sample to be tested; (c) PSF model of optimized sin δ image; (d) PSF model of optimized φ image
Fig. 14. Reconstruction effects of sin δ image by proposed method. (a)(c)(e) Original sin δ image; (b)(d)(f) optimized results by proposed method
Fig. 15. Reconstruction effects of φ image by proposed method. (a)(c)(e) Original φ images; (b)(d)(f) optimized results by proposed method
Fig. 16. Comparison of imaging effects among proposed method, TV regularization, and Tikhonov regularization
Image | Method | Mean | Variance | MSE | PSNR | MSSIM | Entropy |
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| Raw | 123.5 | 5453.8 | - | - | - | 7.5 | sin δ | Ours | 123.5 | 5453.8 | 2327.1 | 14.5 | 0.15 | 7.7 | | TV | 126.3 | 4761.7 | 537.7 | 20.8 | 0.17 | 7.8 | | Tikhonov | 134.9 | 2707.6 | 1667.8 | 15.9 | 0.12 | 7.7 | | Raw | 140.8 | 5408.0 | - | - | - | 7.5 | φ | Ours | 140.8 | 5408.0 | 2385.6 | 14.4 | 0.30 | 7.8 | | TV | 141.5 | 4687.2 | 560.9 | 20.6 | 0.17 | 7.8 | | Tikhonov | 140.6 | 2750.4 | 1647.8 | 16.1 | 0.13 | 7.6 |
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Table 1. Objectiveevaluation indexes of sin δ and φ images optimized by three methods
Image | Method | Mean | Variance | MSE | PSNR | MSSIM | Entropy |
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| Raw | 235.9 | 1234.6 | - | - | - | 6.6 | sin δ | Ours | 235.7 | 1147.0 | 540.9 | 20.8 | 0.29 | 5.5 | | TV | 229.3 | 1167.5 | 161.6 | 26.0 | 0.26 | 5.9 | | Tikhonov | 188.7 | 772.3 | 2610.3 | 14.0 | 0.28 | 6.5 | | Raw | 47.9 | 1980.1 | - | - | - | 7.1 | φ | Ours | 48.3 | 1996.4 | 684.0 | 19.8 | 0.27 | 6.9 | | TV | 54.4 | 1893.0 | 142.4 | 26.6 | 0.30 | 7.0 | | Tikhonov | 103.6 | 867.2 | 3682.3 | 12.5 | 0.33 | 6.9 |
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Table 2. Objectiveevaluation indexes of sin δ and φ images optimized by three methods