Based on the XRD, SEM and EDS methods, this paper discovers the distribution and forms of carbonate in saline-alkaline soils from the shore of The Abi Lake in Xinjiang, under the depositional environment of modern salt lake. The results showed that the primary minerals in the saline soil are mainly quartz and feldspar, and the clay minerals are mainly chlorite and illite. The order of weathering of soil minerals is: north>western>eastern. west sample of modern salt lake chemical deposition is the most significant, northern sample is very strong biological weathering process. XRD method and volume method respectively measured were very significant positive correlation between carbonate content, determination coefficient R2 is 0.640 9. When the salinity soil contains more chlorite, the potential of carbon sink can be significantly improved. Meanwhile, the identification error of carbonate relative content by XRD method is increased and the shape of diffraction peak becomes complex, which results in an obvious underestimation of the carbonate content. underestimate the reason may be related to diffuse scattering caused by high organic matter content increased and high clay mineral content makes mass is associated with increased with isomorphism phenomena. The soils from western and northern areas were severely eroded, and the gypsum is dispersed or radially distributed between the calcite crystals in the form of fibrous or long columnar crystals. The calcite is in the form of heterogeneous nucleation or in the form of granules or flakes on the surface of other minerals or substrates, which indicates the characteristics of secondary carbonate morphology.