[1] 李炳元, 潘保田, 韩嘉福. 中国陆地基本地貌类型及其划分指标探讨[J]. 第四纪研究, 2008,28(4):535-543.

[2] 张寿根. 现代地貌学[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2005. [ Zhang SG. Mordern geomorphology[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2005. ] [ Zhang S G. Mordern geomorphology[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2005. ]

[3] 杨景春, 李有利等. 地貌学原理[M]. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2001. [ Yang JC, Li YL. Principles of geomorphology[M]. Beijing: Peking University Press, 2001. ] [ Yang J C, Li Y L. Principles of geomorphology[M]. Beijing: Peking University Press, 2001. ]

[4] 周成虎, 程维明, 钱金凯, 等. 中国陆地1∶100万数字地貌分类体系研究[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2009,11(6):707-724.

[5] 裘善文, 李风华. 试论地貌分类问题[J]. 地理科学, 1982,2(4):327-335.

[6] et alLandscape ecological approach to the relationships of land use patterns in watersheds to water quality characteristics[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 92, 80-89(2009).

[7] Relationships between landforms, geomorphic processes, and plant communities on a watershed in the northern Chihuahuan Desert[J]. Landscape Ecology, 11, 351-362(1996).

[8] Geomorphological systems: Developing fundamental principles for sustainable landscape management[M]. Geological landscape conservation[M]. London: Geological Society, 185-189(1994).

[9] et alMonitoring environmental quality at the landscape scale: using landscape indicators to assess biotic diversity, watershed integrity, and landscape stability[J]. BioScience, 47, 513-519(1997).

[10] Computer analysis of topography: A comparison of terrain storage methods[J]. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography, 57, 179-188(1975).

[11] Landform pattern description from aerial photographs[J]. Photogrammetria, 32, 161-182(1977).

[12] 周廷儒, 施雅风, 陈述彭. 中国地形区划草案[J]//中国自然区划草案[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1956,56:21-56. [ Zhou TR, Shi YF, Chen SP. Draft of terrain regionalization of China[J]//Draft of natural regionalization of China[M]. Beijing: The Science Publishing Company, 1956,56:21-56. ] [ Zhou T R, Shi Y F, Chen S P. Draft of terrain regionalization of China[J]//Draft of natural regionalization of China[M]. Beijing: The Science Publishing Company, 1956,56:21-56. ]

[13] The geomorphological characterisation of digital elevation models[J]. Leicester: University of Leicester(1996).

[14] Detection of surface-specific points by local parallel processing of discrete terrain elevation data[J]. Computer graphics and Image processing, 4, 375-387(1975).

[15] The extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation data[J]. Computer vision, graphics, and image processing, 28, 323-344(1984).

[16] 周启鸣, 刘学军. 数字地形分析[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2006. [ Zhou QM, Liu XJ. Digital Terrain Analysis[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2006. ] [ Zhou Q M, Liu X J. Digital Terrain Analysis[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2006. ]

[17] 汤国安, 刘学军, 闾国年. 数字高程模型及地学分析的原理与方法[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2006. [ Tang GA, Liu XJ, Lv GN. Principles and Methods of Digital Elevation Model and Geological Analysis[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2006. ] [ Tang G A, Liu X J, Lv G N. Principles and Methods of Digital Elevation Model and Geological Analysis[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2006. ]

[18] Terrain analysis: Principles and applications[M]. London: John Wiley & Sons(2000).

[19] Quantifying and visualizing terrain fabric from digital elevation models[C]. International Conference on GeoComputation, 4th, Fredericksburg VA, Mary Washington College., 25-28(1999).

[20] et alA generic procedure for automatically segmenting landforms into landform elements using DEMs, heuristic rules and fuzzy logic[J]. Fuzzy sets and Systems, 113, 81-109(2000).

[21] Visualizing topography by openness: A new application of image processing to digital elevation models[J]. Photogrammetric engineering and remote sensing, 68, 257-266(2002).

[22] Fuzzy and isodata classification of landform elements from digital terrain data in Pleasant Valley, Wisconsin[J]. Geoderma, 77, 137-154(1997).

[23] Object based image analysis for remote sensing[J]. ISPRS journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing, 65, 2-16(2010).

[24] Object representations at multiple scales from digital elevation models[J]. Geomorphology, 129, 183-189(2011).

[25] Object-based landform delineation and classification from DEMs for archaeological predictive mapping[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39, 698-703(2012).

[26] et alAutomatic recognition of loess landforms using Random Forest method[J]. Journal of Mountain Science, 14, 885-897(2017).

[27] Applied land classification for surface water quality management: II. Land process classification[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 31, 127-141(1990).

[28] 刘双琳, 李发源, 蒋如乔, 等. 黄土地貌类型的坡谱自动识别分析[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2015,17(10):1234-1242.

[29] 周毅. 基于DEM的黄土高原正负地形及空间分异研究[D]. 南京:南京师范大学, 2011. [ ZhouY. DEM based research on positive-negative terrains and their spatial variation on loess plateau[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University, 2011. ] [ Zhou Y. DEM based research on positive-negative terrains and their spatial variation on loess plateau[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University, 2011. ]

[30] et alDrainage basin object-based method for regional-scale landform classification: a case study of loess area in China[J]. Physical Geography, 39, 523-541(2018).

[31] 张磊. 基于核心地形因子分析的黄土地貌形态空间格局研究[D]. 南京:南京师范大学, 2013. [ ZhangL. Core factor analysis based research on spatial characteristics on loess plateau[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University, 2013. ] [ Zhang L. Core factor analysis based research on spatial characteristics on loess plateau[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University, 2013. ]

[32] Random forests[J]. Machine learning, 45, 5-32(2001).

[33] Random forests for land cover classification[J]. Pattern Recognition Letters, 27, 294-300(2006).

[34] Random forest classifier for remote sensing classification[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 26, 217-222(2005).

[35] et alInvestigation of the random forest framework for classification of hyperspectral data[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 43, 492-501(2005).

[36] et alResearch on the slope spectrum of the Loess Plateau[J]. Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences, 51, 175-185(2008).

[37] 蔡凌雁, 汤国安, 熊礼阳, 等. 基于DEM的陕北黄土高原典型地貌分形特征研究[J]. 水土保持通报, 2014,34(3):141-144. [ Cai LY, Tang GA, Xiong LY. An analysis on fractal characteristics of typical landform patterns in northern Shaanxi loess plateau based on DEM[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2014,34(3):141-144. ] [ Cai L Y, Tang G A, Xiong L Y. An analysis on fractal characteristics of typical landform patterns in northern Shaanxi loess plateau based on DEM[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2014,34(3):141-144. ]

[38] 汤国安, 李发源, 杨昕, 等. 黄土高原数字地形分析探索与实践[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2015. [ Tang GA, Li FY, YangX, et al.Exploration and practice of digital terrain analysis on Loess Plateau[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2015. ] [ Tang G A, Li F Y, Yang X,et al. Exploration and practice of digital terrain analysis on Loess Plateau[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2015. ]

[39] SRTM vs ASTER elevation products. Comparison for two regions in Crete, Greece[J]. International Journal of remote sensing., 27, 4819-38(2006).

[40] On the extraction of channel networks from digital elevation data[J]. Hydrological processes, 5, 81-100(1991).

[41] 王春. 基于DEM的陕北黄土高原地面坡谱不确定性研究[D]. 西安:西北大学, 2005. [ WangC. The uncertainty of slope spectrum derived from DEM in the loess plateau of northern Shaanxi Province[D]. Xi'an:Northwest University, 2005. ] [ Wang C. The uncertainty of slope spectrum derived from DEM in the loess plateau of northern Shaanxi Province[D]. Xi'an: Northwest University, 2005. ]

[42] 贾旖旎. 基于DEM的黄土高原流域边界剖面谱研究[D]. 南京:南京师范大学, 2010. [ Jia YN. Research on catchment boundary profile spectrum based on digital elevation models[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University, 2010. ] [ Jia Y N. Research on catchment boundary profile spectrum based on digital elevation models[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University, 2010. ]

[43] 祝士杰. 基于DEM的黄土高原流域面积高程积分谱系研究[D]. 南京:南京师范大学, 2013. [ Zhu SJ. Research on watershed hypsometric integral in the loess plateau based on digital elevation models[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University, 2013. ] [ Zhu S J. Research on watershed hypsometric integral in the loess plateau based on digital elevation models[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University, 2013. ]

[44] Extracting topographic structure from digital elevation data for geographic information system analysis[J]. Photogrammetric engineering and remote sensing, 54, 1593-1600(1988).

[45] Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology[J]. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 38, 913-920(1957).

[46] 陈浩. 陕北黄土高原沟道小流域形态特征分析[J]. 地理研究, 1986,5(1):82-92. [ ChenH. A preliminary study on geomorphic features of small drainage basins on the loess plateau in northern Shaanxi[J]. Geographical Research, 1986,5(1):82-92. ] [ Chen H. A preliminary study on geomorphic features of small drainage basins on the loess plateau in northern Shaanxi[J]. Geographical Research, 1986,5(1):82-92. ]

[47] 崔灵周, 李占斌, 朱永清, 等. 流域地貌分形特征与侵蚀产沙定量耦合关系试验研究[J]. 水土保持学报, 2006,20(2):1-4,9. [ Cui LZ, Li ZB, Zhu YQ, et al. Experimental Study on quantitative coupling relationship between topographic fractal feature and sediment yield in small watershed[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006,20(2):1-4,9. ] [ Cui L Z, Li Z B, Zhu Y Q, et al. Experimental Study on quantitative coupling relationship between topographic fractal feature and sediment yield in small watershed[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006,20(2):1-4,9. ]

[48] 张婷, 汤国安, 王春, 等. 黄土丘陵沟壑区地形定量因子的关联性分析[J]. 地理科学, 2005,25(4):85-90. [ ZhangT, Tang GA, WangC, LongY, Wu LC, WangZ. Correlation of quantitative terrain factors in Gully Hill areas of China Loess Plateau[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2005,25(4):85-90. ] [ Zhang T, Tang G A, Wang C, Long Y, Wu L C, Wang Z. Correlation of quantitative terrain factors in Gully Hill areas of China Loess Plateau[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2005,25(4):85-90. ]

[49] 朱红春, 刘海英, 张继贤, 等. 基于DEM的流域地形因子提取与量化关系研究——以陕北黄土高原的实验为例[J]. 测绘科学, 2007(2):138-140,182. [ Zhu HC, Liu HY, Zhang JX, et al. Research on the topographic factors and its mathematical simulation based on DEMs - a case study in the loess plateau of northern Shaanxi Province[J]. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 2007(2):138-140,182. ] [ Zhu H C, Liu H Y, Zhang J X, et al. Research on the topographic factors and its mathematical simulation based on DEMs - a case study in the loess plateau of northern Shaanxi Province[J]. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 2007(2):138-140,182. ]

[50] 汤国安, 李发源, 刘学军, 等. 数字高程模型教程[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2016. [ Tang GA, Li FY, Liu XJ. Digital Elevation Model Course[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2016. ] [ Tang G A, Li F Y, Liu X J. Digital Elevation Model Course[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2016. ]

[51] 陶旸. 基于纹理分析方法的DEM地形特征研究[D]. 南京:南京师范大学, 2011. [ TaoY. Texture analysis based on research on terrain morphology characteristics[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University, 2011. ] [ Tao Y. Texture analysis based on research on terrain morphology characteristics[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University, 2011. ]

[52] 谢轶群, 朱红春, 汤国安, 等. 基于DEM的沟谷特征点提取与分析[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2013,15(1):61-67. [ Xie YQ, Zhu HC, Tang GA, et al. Extraction and analysis of gully feature points based on DEMs[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2013,15(1):61-67. ] [ Xie Y Q, Zhu H C, Tang G A, et al. Extraction and analysis of gully feature points based on DEMs[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2013,15(1):61-67. ]

[53] 薛凯凯, 熊礼阳, 祝士杰, 等. 基于DEM的黄土崾岘提取及其地形特征分析[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2018,20(12):1710-1720. [ Xue KK, Xiong LY, Zhu SJ, et al. Extraction of loess dissected saddle and its terrain analysis by using digital elevation models[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2018,20(12):1710-1720. ] [ Xue K K, Xiong L Y, Zhu S J, et al. Extraction of loess dissected saddle and its terrain analysis by using digital elevation models[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2018,20(12):1710-1720. ]

[54] Random forests for genetic association studies[J]. Statistical applications in genetics and molecular biology, 10, 32(2011).

[55] Greedy function approximation: A gradient boosting machine[J]. Annals of statistics, 29, 1189-1232(2001).

[56] 方匡南, 吴见彬, 朱建平, 等. 随机森林方法研究综述[J]. 统计与信息论坛, 2011,26(3):32-38. [ Fang KN, Wu JB, Zhu JP, et al. A Review of Technologies on Random Forests[J]. Statistics & Information Forum, 2011,26(3):32-38. ] [ Fang K N, Wu J B, Zhu J P, et al. A Review of Technologies on Random Forests[J]. Statistics & Information Forum, 2011,26(3):32-38. ]