The diagnosis model of the cucumber diseases and insect pests was established by laser-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (LICF) spectroscopy technology combined with support vector machines (SVM) algorithm in the present research. This model would be used to realize the fast and exact diagnosis of the cucumber diseases and insect pests. The noise of original spectrum was reduced by three methods, including Savitzky-Golay smoothing (SG), Savitzky-Golay smoothing combined with fast Fourier transform (FFT) and Savitzy-Golay smoothing combined with first derivative transform (FDT). According to the accumulative reliabilities (AR) seven principal components (PCs) were selected to replace the complex spectral data. The one hundred fifty samples were randomly separated into the calibration set and the validation set. Support vector machines (SVM) algorithm with four kinds of kernel functions was used to establish diagnosis models of the cucumber diseases and insect pests based on the calibration set, then these models were applied to the diagnosis of the validation set. According to the best diagnosis accuracy of cross-validation method in calibration set, the parameters of four kinds of kernel function models were optimized, and the capabilities of SVM with different kernel function were compared. Results showed that SVM with the ploy kernel function had the best identification capabilities and the accuracy was 98.3% after the original spectrum noise was reduced by SG+FDT+PCA. This research indicated that the method of PCA-SVM had a good identification effect and could realize rapid diagnosis of the cucumber diseases and insect pests as a new method.