1. (a) Diagram of device structure and test process, (b) transfer curve and (c) corresponding output curve of single transistor

2. (a) Schematic image of a biological synapse, (b) EPSC and (c) PPF triggered by a presynaptic spike with amplitude at 2.10 V, duration at 10 ms, (d) PPF index fitting, and (e) EPSCs recorded in response to the different stimulus train with frequency ranging from 2 Hz to 50 Hz

3. Characteristics of the artificial painful perceptual neuron

4. Nooceptor network and its pain perception and sensitization function

5. Response of EPSC with two pulse sequence (4.00 and 2.20 V) applied in (a) G₁, (b) G₂, (c) G₃, (d) G₄, and (e) G₅; (f) Relationship between sensitization Z and gate position and pulse sequence interval; (g-i) Relationship between sensitization Z(B₂/B₁) and gate position in the array at different time intervals ((g) 0.01s, (h) 1.00 s, (i) 10.00 s)

Table 1. Fitting results of different parameters in Fig. 3(f)

Table 2. Fitting results of different parameters in Fig. 5(f)