The distributed optical fiber vibration sensing system is a sensing system that uses optical fibers as sensing sensitive components and signal transmission media to obtain strain information. It has the characteristics of long sensing distance, real-time measurement, reversible vibration signal, and strong environmental adaptability. Distributed optical fiber vibration sensing systems based on phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry have been a hot spot in recent years. This paper mainly introduces the research progress of distributed optical fiber vibration sensing system based on phase sensitive optical time domain reflectometer from different detection structures and demodulation methods, and concludes the advantages and disadvantages of these methods and structures. This is of great significance for selecting the appropriate detection system in practical applications.