Aiming at current conditions and shortages of laboratory dynamic experiment of extinction materials, test device and method, which was used to test composite extinction performance of biological materials in ultraviolet and infrared band, was presented based on single optical path. The device mentioned above was designed and made, transmittance of ultraviolet and infrared band, and mass concentration of self-made biological materials smoke in the smoke box were respectively 29.597%, 14.514%, and 0.389 g/m3. Average mass extinction coefficient of biological material in ultraviolet and infrared band were respectively 0.794 75 m2/g, 1.241 59 m2/g based on data processing system. Experimental result shows that the designed device is used to test composite extinction performance of biological materials in ultraviolet and infrared band based on single optical path successfully, and enriches test methods of multiband extinction performance of biological materials further.