The surface oxidation of titanium alloy will occur severely in a high-temperature environment, affecting subsequent processing and use. Laser cleaning technology was used to remove this oxide layer. A high-speed camera was used to analyze the removal mechanism of the oxide layer. The influences of laser cleaning, abrading, and pickling processes on the macroscopic morphology, microscopic morphology, chemical composition, flatness, and microhardness of the sample surface were studied. The results show that the mechanism of laser removal of the oxide layer was mainly performed through ablation. The oxides on the surface of the samples were removed after cleaning them with appropriate laser parameters, resulting in a silver-white metallic luster. The oxygen content of the samples was significantly lower than that of the original samples, and the surface smoothness was superior to that of the pickling and abrading samples. In addition, due to the thermal effect of the laser cleaning process, the microhardness of the laser cleaning sample surface was significantly higher than that of the abrading and pickling samples.