The basic working principle of the vacuum channel stress compensation structure is introduced. The adaptive compensation technology and the optical cabin structure deformation suppression technology subjected to the vacuum negative pressure stress, thermal expansion and cold contraction stresses of the laser beam long-distance vacuum transmission channel in large temperature difference environments are investigated. The installation, debugging and evaluation of the vacuum channel stress compensation structure are carried out with the whole optical system, and the optical transmission stability is verified by some experiments with ambient temperature difference. The experimental results show that the problem of adaptive compensation for vacuum negative pressure stress and thermal expansion and cold contraction stress in the ultra-long laser beam vacuum transmission channel under vacuum negative pressure and large temperature difference environments, and the problem of deformation suppression of the optical cabin structure are solved. The automatic balance of vacuum negative pressure stress in the transmission channel is achieved, and the laser beam drift caused by vacuum negative pressure stress is eliminated. The release of thermal expansion and cold contraction stresses in the vacuum negative pressure channel structure under large temperature difference environments is achieved, the actual effect of maintaining stability of the optical path for a long time is achieved.