Fig. 1. The surface structure and slippery property of Nepenthes. (a) The optical photos of Nepenthes ^[2]; (b) The scanning electron microscopy images of the Nepenthes ^[2]; (c) The preparation process of slippery surface inspired by Nepenthes ^[2]; (d) The mobility of hexane on slippery surface ^[1]

Fig. 2. The micro-nano manufacturing of femtosecond laser on all kinds of materials. (a) The micro-nano rough structure on glass fabricated by femtosecond laser to realize underwater superpolymphobicity ^[36]; (b) The color aluminum due to femtosecond laser-induced nano-periodic structure ^[37]

Fig. 3. The high precision machining of femtosecond laser. (a) The comparison of holes fabricated by nanosecond laser and femtosecond laser ^[40] ; (b) The “micro-bull” created by femtosecond laser two-photon absorption ^[41]; (c) The femtosecond laser directly writes the 10 nm characteristic size on the silicon wafer surface ^[42]

Fig. 4. The high controllability of femtosecond laser on micro-nano manufacturing field. (a) The bio-inspired compound eyes ^[38] , (b) the coil ^[48] , and (c) the nanograting structure fabricated by femtosecond laser ^[49]

Fig. 5. The femtosecond laser fabricates the slippery surface on PA6 and the stability testing^[50]. (a) The fabrication process, surface structure, and the lyophobicity testing of slippery surface on PA6; (b) The stability measurement of slippery surface on PA6

Fig. 6. The patterned slippery surface and anisotropic slippery surface. (a) The fabrication process of patterned slippery surface, the scanning electron microscopy images of surface ablated by laser, and the array arrangement of droplets on patterned slippery surface^[52] ; (b) The fabrication process of patterned slippery surface and the directional movement of bubble on patterned slippery surface^[53]

Fig. 7. The fabrication of transparent slippery surface on glass via femtosecond laser patterning and wet etching^[54]. (a), (b) The scanning electron microscopy images of glass after lase ablation and wet etching; (c) Transmittance of wet etched glasses with microvoid separation distances of 10 µm and 40 µm after wet etching; (d) Transmittance of lubricant oil infused glasses with microvoid separation distances of 10 µm and 40 µm; (e) Transmittance curves for etched samples with different microvoid separation distances in the visible light range (400 nm~800 nm); (f) Transmittance curves for silicone oil infused samples with different microvoid separation distances in the visible light range (400 nm~800 nm); (g) The slippery property of DI water on slippery surface

Fig. 8. The slippery surface fabricated by femtosecond laser on metal. (a) Different surfaces prepared by femtosecond laser on different materials and the lyophobicity of different liquids. (Plain: untreated surface; LIPSS: laser induced periodic surface structures; MS: multi-scale structure; LIPSS-LIS: laser induced periodic surface after lubricant oil infusing; MS-LIS: multi-scale structure surface after lubricant oil infusing) ^[59] ; (b) The illustration of vibration-induced loss of lubricant infused into LIPSS and MS topographies ^[59] ; (c) The preparation of micro-nano porous structure on stainless steel by femtosecond laser in alcohol environment and its lyophobicity ^[60]

Fig. 9. The fabrication of slippery surface on NiTi alloy by femtosecond laser^[58]. (a) Microfabrication system based on the femtosecond Bessel laser beam. (b) Simulation result of the NiTi alloy surface treated with a single pulse train of the femtosecond Bessel laser and (c), (d) surface morphology of the NiTi alloy after being processed by the femtosecond Bessel laser; (e) The fabrication process of SLIPS; (f) The slipper property of water on NiTi SLIPS

Fig. 10. Applications of slippery surface in droplet manipulation. (a) Femtosecond laser fabricated anisotropic structure on epoxy resin surface for droplet manipulation by magnetic field ^[12] ; (b) Droplet control platform with self-actuation and electrobraking inspired by cactus and nepenthes ^[71]

Fig. 11. Voltage reversibly control liquids on slippery surface between sliding and pining^[72]. (a) Strategy for preparing slippery surface controlled by voltage; (b) Surface morphologies for micropillar-arrayed zinc oxide before and after infusing the paraffin; (c) The scanning electron microscopy images of silver nanowire heater and digital picture of transparent heater; (d) Different motion states of droplet under voltage on and off

Fig. 12. Femtosecond laser construct different structures on titanium and the adhesion of biofilm on slippery surface^[85]. Differently structured titanium samples constructed by femtosecond laser: (a) laser-generated spikes, (b) grooves, (c) ripples, and (d) unstructured titanium; (e) Biofilm formation screening on titanium slippery surface made of different structure and lubricant combinations

Fig. 13. Lubricant infused directly engraved nano microstructures for mechanically durable endoscope lens with anti-biofouling and anti-fogging properties^[86]. (a) The fabrication process of the anti-biofouling and anti-fogging endoscope lens; (b) The surface morphologies of glass after femtosecond laser ablation; (c) The transmittances of surface with different structure; (d) The confocal microscopy images of protein (albumin and fibrinogen) adsorptions on bare and slippery surface; (e) The sequential images of blood spray attachment to untreated glass and the slippery surface

Fig. 14. The hemocompatibility of NiTi alloy slippery surface^[58]. (a) The fluorescence distributions of bovine fibrinogen on untreated surface, porous surface, and slippery surface; (b) The growth conditions of E. coli and S. aureus on NiTi alloy with different structures; (c) Anticoagulant sheep blood move on the untreated surface and slippery surface

Fig. 15. Application of slippery surface in food antifouling. (a) The fabrication process of slippery surface and contaminant coverage on different surfaces ^[92] ; (b) Surface morphologies of food-grade plastic after femtosecond laser ablation ^[92] ; (c) Movement of honey and tomato sauce on untreated surface and slippery surface ^[59] ; (d) The dripping behavior of different samples after honey sipping cycles ^[59]

Fig. 16. Surface morphology and polarization curves of different samples^[93]. Surface morphology of different samples: surface sprayed with SiO₂ nanoparticles (a) intrinsic morphology and (b) morphology with silicone oil infusion; surface processed by laser ablation and spraying with nanoparticles (c) intrinsic morphology and (d) morphology with silicone oil infusion; (e) Polarization curves of different samples (Bare: intrinsic surface; Bare-SiO₂: surface sprayed with silica nanoparticles; LST-SiO₂: laser ablated and nanoparticle sprayed surface; Bare-SiO₂-oil: surface injected with lubricant after sprayed with SiO₂ nanoparticles; LST-SiO₂-oil: surface processed by lubricant infusion after laser ablation and nanoparticle spraying)

Table 1. Overview of SLIPS on different materials by laser processing