K. A. Tanaka1、*, K. M. Spohr1, D. L. Balabanski1, S. Balascuta1, L. Capponi1, M. O. Cernaianu1, M. Cuciuc1, A. Cucoanes1, I. Dancus1, A. Dhal1, B. Diaconescu1, D. Doria1, P. Ghenuche1, D. G. Ghita1, S. Kisyov1, V. Nastasa1, J. F. Ong1, F. Rotaru1, D. Sangwan1, P.-A. S?derstr?m1, D. Stutman2, G. Suliman1, O. Tesileanu1, L. Tudor1, N. Tsoneva1, C. A. Ur1, D. Ursescu1, and N. V. Zamfir1
Fig. 1. Schematic overview of the HPLS and the VEGA system and associated target areas at ELI-NP. The two laser arms are depicted in red. The target areas E1, E4, E5, E6, and E7 show the 3D CAD designs of the target chambers currently under construction. The positions of the target areas E3, E8, and E9 associated with the VEGA system are indicated. The E9 area sits in the newly installed annex sketched by the blue footprint adjacent to the left side of the main building. The target area E2 will be facilitated for VEGA system-related experiments in the future.
Fig. 2. Nominal peak intensity ranges I0 as functions of the f number of the focusing mirrors installed at the target areas E1, E4, E5, E6, and E7 associated with the HPLS beams at ELI-NP. The solid lines describe the ideal case at the diffraction limit for which I0 is at its maximum value.
Fig. 3. Regimes of laser-driven ion acceleration with Coulomb explosion (CE), target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA), and radiation-pressure-dominated acceleration (RPDA). The gray line indicates the opaque/transparent border and the dashed line the target thickness ℓT for which the proton energy at a given I0 will be maximal. The regimes overlap in certain parameter regions. Intensity conditions, as indicated by the green arrow, should be reachable with the ELI-NP 10 PW HPLS, employing self-supporting targets as thin as 10 nm. The regimes as depicted in this figure follow published work by Daido et al.18
Fig. 4. Energy spectra of protons (black), C6+ (green), and γ radiation (red) emitted in the direction of pulse propagation according to a PIC2D-based Epoch code28 including QED effects. A circularly polarized laser beam of intensity 1023 W cm−2 and a fully ionized CH2 target with ℓT = 800 nm were assumed.
Fig. 9. Proposed setup of the diagnostic detectors for a typical commissioning experiment at E1, showing the envelope of the Thomson parabola (TP) in blue close to the left target wall, as well as the gamma spectrometer (GS) and the e−–e+ spectrometer (e−–e+S), which are placed facing the interaction point in the primary target in the vicinity of the middle of the chamber. The laser pulse envelope is shown in light red, with the focusing f/2.7 parabolic mirror on the lower left. The green (tube-)line indicates the light path associated with the optical plasma probing arrangement. The yellow circles on top of the gamma and e−–e+ spectrometers indicate the connecting points for the optical fibers to be used for the readout.
Fig. 10. A 3D CAD view of the ELIADE array with the HPGe detectors shown in gray. The supporting frame is shown in blue. The voids in the frame can be equipped with LaBr3(Ce) detectors for selected experimental campaigns. The pipe for the incoming beam is shown in pink. Courtesy of A. Imreh.
Fig. 11. A 3D CAD view of the ELIGANT-GN array. The lanthanide bromide detectors are mounted in the inner frame (green). They cover the bottom half of the full sphere angles and are placed inside the outer frame (yellow) supporting the neutron detectors. These detectors cover the upper half of the sphere and are depicted in gray (the small red circles show the junctions with the coupled PMTs). The beam pipe emerging from the lower left of the figure is shown in pink. Courtesy of A. Imreh.
Fig. 12. Low-energy electric dipole (E1) strength (a) and magnetic dipole (M1) strength (b) distributions for 206Pb. Different counterparts of the transition matrix elements related to (a) PDR, GDR, and multiphonon contributions to the total E1 strength and (b) single-phonon and multiphonon contributions to the total M1 strength, obtained from the three-phonon EDF + QPM approach, are shown.
Fig. 13. The Gamma Polari-Calorimeter (GPC) design relies on the beam interacting with a converter material to produce electron–positron pairs. Both of these particles are measured using a combination of a magnetic field and pixelated position-sensitive detectors. The black crosses on the sensitive elements represent the input data that feed the reconstruction algorithm.
Fig. 14. Simulation of the azimuthal angle of the pair creation plane for a 1 GeV γ beam. Modulation of the cross-section in the linearly polarized case (blue triangles) is clearly emphasized compared with the non-polarized beam case (red circles).
Fig. 15. Projections of cosmic muon trajectories in the detector volume. Experimental data is shown in (a)–(c) and simulated muon trajectories are displayed in (d)–(f) showing the projections of the trajectories on the xy, xz, and yz planes.
λ0 (nm) | δλ0 (nm) | τLP (fs) | dfull (mm) | S | Contrast | δarel (μrad) |
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814–825 | 55–65 | 15–22.5 | 550 | 0.80–0.95 | 1 : 1013 | ≲3 |
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Table 1. Laser system parameters shared by the three HPLS beamlines at ELI-NP.
PHPLS | ELP (J) | (W cm−2) | fLP (Hz) | Areas | Operational |
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10 PW | 150–225 | 1023 | 0.017 | E1, E6, E7a | 2021 | 1 PW | 15–25 | 5.6 × 1021 | 1 | E1, E5, E6, E7b | 2020 | 100 TW | 1.5–2.5 | 2.2 × 1020 | 10 | E4 | 2020 |
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Table 2. Operational parameters of the three HPLS beamlines at ELI-NP.
HPLS: 100 TW |
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Area | Motivation | Detectors | Parameters |
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E4 | Fundamental physics, QED-based elastic γ–γ scattering, search for weakly coupling sub-eV dark matter | Instrumentation to be developed | f/6 | | zR ≈ 70 µm | a0 ≲ 10 |
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Table 3. Summary of the three HPLS at ELI-NP, including associated target station areas, summaries of the physical motivations, and selected detector equipment, as well as specific laser parameters. The detector equipment listed will be explicitly described in Table V (active detectors) and VI (passive detectors) in Sec. III.
Areas | Motivation | Detectors | Parameters |
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E3 | Slow positron beamline for material science and characterization, structural and defect studies of metals, semi-conductors and insulators | Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy system (PALS), positron annihilation-induced Auger electron spectroscopy system (PAES) | Eγ ≤ 3.5 MeV dγ ≈ 6 mm | E7 | γ-induced charged particle reactions for astrophysics and photofission experiments | Electronic time-projection chamber (ELITPC), array of twin Bragg ionization fission chambers (ELI-BIC), thick gas electron multiplier detectors (ELITHGEM) | Eγ ≤ 19.5 MeV dγ ≈ 0.75 mm | E8 | γ-induced charged particle reactions for astrophysics and photofission experiments, NRF experiments with high-energy γ rays for basic and applied research | Segmented silicon detector array (ELISSA), array of segmented high-purity germanium clover detectors (ELIADE) | Eγ ≤ 19.5 MeV dγ ≈ 1.25 mm | E9 | γ-induced reactions above the neutron threshold for basic and applied research | Moderated array of 3He tubes (ELIGANT-TN), array of liquid scintillators and lithium glass scintillators, large-volume LaBr3(Ce) and CeBr3 scintillators (ELIGANT-GN) | Eγ ≤ 19.5 MeV dγ ≈ 2.5 mm |
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Table 4. Summary of the target areas associated with the VEGA system, motivation, selected detector equipment, and specific parameters. The detector equipment shown will be explicitly described in Table VII in Sec. IV. The use of area E2 is yet to be decided.
Detector and purpose | Areas | Parameters |
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Thomson parabola: For energy spectra of ions | E1, E5 | OP: Ion deflection in static field |E| = 26 kV cm−1 and |B| = 1.0 T; Ep ≲ 250 MeV (E5: ≲ 100 MeV); δEp ≲ 1.6 MeV (E5: ≲ 0.8 MeV); S/N ≳ 3 db; Ωgeo(1.5 m) = 1.5 × 10−8 sr. Dimensions: 10 cm × 20 cm × 100 cm. Weight: 220 kg. Shielding: Encased Pb: 8 cm at front; 3 cm at sides, back and top. No.: ≤3. Readout: Optical, LANEX screen. | Gamma spectrometer: For γ-radiation up to Eγ = 50 MeV | E1, E5 | OP: Conversion of γ radiation with Li target, measurement of diametrically deflected e−–e+ pairs with opposing LANEX screens, deflection via a magnetic field with |B| = 0.5 T; Eγ = 5–50 MeV; δEγ ≤ 20%; S/N ≳ 10 db, ɛtot = 10−8–5 × 10−8. Dimensions: 35 cm × 35 cm × 60 cm. Weight: 380 kg. Shielding: Encased Pb: 30 cm at front, 2 cm Fe at sides, back and bottom. No.: 1. Readout: Optical, LANEX screen. | e−–e+ spectrometer: For e− up to 100 MeV | E1, E5 | OP: Measurement of e− and e+ after deflection by magnetic field (|B| = 0.8 T) with LANEX screens, identical build to gamma spectrometer (but without Li converter); Eγ = 5–100 MeV; δEγ ≤ 5%; S/N ≳ 10 db. Dimensions, Weight, Shielding, No., Readout: Identical to gamma spectrometer. | CsI(Tl) gamma spectrometer: For γ-radiation up to Eγ = 20 MeV | E1, E5 | OP: Measurement of segmented scintillation units, 10 layers of 5 mm thick CsI(Tl) scintillation layers, energy spectrum of γ radiation estimated after deconvolution of measured spectra; Eγ = 2–20 MeV; δEγ ∼ 30%–40%. Dimensions: 20 cm × 15 cm × 15 cm. Weight: 20 kg; Shielding: Encased Pb-canvas ∼1.5 cm. No.: 5. Readout: Optical from scintillator units. | GeV e− spectrometer: For e− up to 5 GeV | E6 | OP: Measurement of e− deflection by magnetic field of |B| = 1 T with LANEX screen; Eγ = 100 MeV–5 GeV; δEγ ≲ 10%; ΔΘ = ± 10 mrad. Dimensions: 36 cm × 25 cm × 80 cm (dipole). Weight:680 kg. No.: 1. Readout: Optical, LANEX screen. |
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Table 5. Summary of active detectors in the target areas E1, E5, and E6 to be used in inaugural commissioning experiments facilitating the HPLS.
Detector and purpose | Areas | Parameters |
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Activation: For kBT for γ and Emax for ions | E1, E5 | OP: Measurement of γ- or proton-induced nuclear reactions such as (γ, xn) or (p, n) exit channels. Isotopes for γ-induced reactions are 181Ta, resulting in (γ, n) and (γ, 3n) channels with t1/2(180Ta) = 8.15 h and t1/2(178Ta) = 2.36 h, as well as12C and63Cu, resulting in (γ, n) channels with t1/2(11C) = 20.36 min and t1/2(62Cu) = 9.67 min. For proton energy, e.g., the reaction63Cu(p,n)63Zn with t1/2(63Zn) = 38.47 min will be used; typical Ωint ≲ 1 sr. Weight: 1 kg. No.: 5–10. Readout: Offline with HPGe or NaI | RCF, image plates, and CR-39: For γ and ion energy spectra and radial distribution | E1, E5 | OP: Measurement of γ- and ion-induced darkening of RCF or image plate fluorescence or traces within CR-39; Eγ is adjustable with attenuator stacks; typical Ωint ≲ 1 sr. Weight: 1 kg. No.: 5–10. Readout: Optical with high-resolution scanning system | Optical plasma probe: For probing | E1, E5, and E6 | OP: Probing plasma electron density with fundamental λ0 and second-harmonic wavelength at ∼410 nm. No.: 1. Readout: Optical (interferometry, shadowgraphy) |
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Table 6. Summary of the passive and optical detector systems in the target areas E1, E5, and E6 to be used in inaugural commissioning experiments facilitating the HPLS.
Detector and purpose | Area | Parameters |
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ELIADE: For γ rays (Eγ) | E8 | OP: γ Detection with eight segmented HPGe detectors (32 crystals, 256 segments) and four CeBr3 detectors; Eγ = 40 keV–10 MeV; δEγ = 0.12%–0.3%; fmax ∼ 100 Hz per segment; Ωgeo = 5 sr; Ωtot(1.3 MeV) = 6%. Readout: Electronic digitizers | ELIGANT-GN: For γ rays (Eγ) and neutron detection | E9 | OP: 15 LaBr3:Ce detectors, 19 CeBr3 detectors, 37 EJ-301 liquid scintillators, and 25 GS20 Li-glass detectors; Eγ ≲ 20 MeV; 1.72 sr; 1.36 sr; Ωtot(10 MeV) ∼ 1% for LaBr3; Ωtot(5 MeV) ∼ 3% for EJ-301; Ωtot(250 keV) ∼ 0.3% for GS20. Readout: Electronic digitizers | ELIGANT-TN: For thermal neutrons | E9 | OP: 28 3He detectors; En = thermal, δEn = given by ring method; Ωgeo ∼ 4π sr; Ωtot(3 MeV) ≲ 38%. Readout: Electronic digitizers | ELISSA: For protons and α particles | E8 | OP: 35 X3 DSSSD detectors (barrel) and 8 QQQ3 DSSSD (endcap); Ep = 100 keV–10 MeV; Eα = 100 keV–30 MeV; δEp,α = 40 keV (front)–80 keV (back); Ωgeo = 10 sr; Ωtot ∼ 80% in total range. Readout: Analogue | ELITPC: For protons and α particles | E7 | OP: Determination of tracks in gas-filled chamber; Ep(100 mbar) ≳ 85 keV; δxp,α ≲ 0.4 mm. Readout: Digital | ELI-BIC: For fission fragments | E7 | OP: Four Bragg twin ionization chambers with Frisch grids and two ΔE–E, Si-strip detector telescopes. Readout: Digital | ELITHGEM: For fission fragments | E7 | OP: 12 thick gas electron multipliers, fmax ≲ 2 kHz; Ωgeo = 10 sr; δΘ ≲ 5°. Readout: Time-to-digital converter (TDC), digital | ELIPS: For E and t spectra of annihilation γ rays, e+ lifetimes, Doppler shift, Auger electrons | E3 | OP: Four HPGe detectors and BaF2 detector; δEγ(511 keV) ≲ 1.2 keV; fmax ≲ 20 kHz per detector; δt(FWHM) = 250 ps. Readout: Digital |
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Table 7. Summary of detector systems related to the VEGA system in the areas E3, E7, E8, and E9 at ELI-NP.