Femtosecond laser two-photon polymerization (TPP) micro-nano fabrication technology, as an important method for the preparation of three-dimensional (3D) micro-nanostructures, has become a hot spot of international frontier research. Using the two-photon absorption effect and the threshold effect of the interaction between laser and matter, this technology can break through the diffraction limit of classical optical theory and achieve nanoscale laser fabrication resolution. It is expected to play an important role in the field of 3D functional micro-nano device fabrication. In this paper, the basic principles of photophysical and photochemical processes in femtosecond pulsed laser TPP fabrication technology will be described, and the research progress and development of this technology in improving line width and fabrication resolution, and improving fabrication efficiency will be reviewed. Then, using the high spatial resolution and true 3D fabrication characteristics of femtosecond laser TPP micro-nano fabrication technology, the researchers prepared various micro-optical devices, integrated optical devices, micro-electromechanical systems, and biomedical devices, fully demonstrating the application prospect of this technology. Finally, how to achieve high-precision, high-efficiency, low-cost, large-area, multi-functional materials and microstructure fabrication, as well as existing challenges and future development directions are discussed and prospected.