The rapid detection of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) has attracted more and more attention in recent years, due to its powerful explosive hazard and environmental toxicity. In this study, TNP fluorescent probe based on perylene imide was synthesized by one-step synthesis, and the rapid detection of TNP was realized by the fluorescent spectra of the probe. The fluorescence characteristics were investigated, and the fluorescence intensity was high in aqueous solution, stimulated at 493 nm at the emission wavelength of 547 nm. The emission spectra of the fluorescent probe system decreased obviously after the interaction with TNP, which might be due to the fluorescence quenching after the combination of the fluorescent probe and TNP, changing the aggregation state. The fluorescence changes of the probe system after the interaction with TNP could also be observed under the 365 nm handheld ultraviolet lamp, and the results could also be judged by naked eye. In the experiment, different concentrations of TNP solution were tested and the fluorescence spectra analysis showed that TNP had good quenching effect on the fluorescent probe system. The fluorescence intensity of the probe system at 547 nm, I547 value, presented a good linear relationship in the concentration of 20～80 μmol·L-1 with the regression equation of I547=907 521.6-9 955c(R2=0.992 1), and the detection limit was calculated to be 4.55 μmol·L-1. The fluorescence spectra of the probe were stable after 1 minute of interaction with TNP and the response time was short. The fluorescence spectra of the probe were not affected by structure-like interfering compounds, such as phenol (PHE), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), 4-nitrophenol (NP) and common anions and cations(Ca2+, K+, Ba2+, Cl-, SO2-4, NO-3). The interference of the dust matrix on fluorescence spectra was also investigated. Simulated explosive dust samples with TNP were made in the laboratory and fluorescence spectra were detected by the fluorescent probe system. The experiment showed that the fluorescence spectra of the probe and the interaction with TNP are not disturbed by dust. The fluorescence emission spectra can be applied to the quantitative analysis of TNP in dust and has good practical application prospects.