Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the laser synthesis and treatment in liquid^[20]. (a) Laser ablation in liquid (LAL); (b) Laser fragmentation in liquid (LFL); (c) Laser melting in liquid (LML); (d) Laser defect-engineering in liquid (LDL)

Fig. 2. (a) Schematic illustration of femtosecond laser ablation synthesis with ZnO QDs to fabricate photodetectors; (b) Transient photocurrent generation under deep-ultraviolet illumination for photodetector; (c) Responsivity measurement of photodetector as a function of the number of bending cycles. The inset photos show the photodetector bending degree^[72]

Fig. 3. (a) Manufacturing process of femtosecond laser reduction based on Cu ionic precursor; (b), (c) SEM images and XRD pattern of Cu microelectrode prepared with different laser powers; (d) Copper microelectrode sheet resistance change curve with laser power, inset: photograph of the LED circuit prepared from Cu microelectrode^[39]

Fig. 4. (a) Manufacturing process of femtosecond laser writing rGO/PDMS composite acoustic sensor^[85]; (b) Schematic illustration of the interaction between water molecules and GO nanosheets^[86]; (c) Prototype demonstration of e-skin used for simulation of noncontact sensing properties of human skin^[86]

Fig. 5. (a) Schematics of spatially shaped femtosecond laser strategy to fabricate the graphene/MnO₂ micro-supercapacitors; (b) Schematic diagram of the formation of LIG/MnO₂ composites induced by femtosecond laser; (c) The area-specific capacitance of different geometries under different current density; (d) The areal capacitance and volumetric capacitance of interdigital micro-supercapacitors under different scan rates^[87]

Fig. 6. (a) Schematic diagram of femtosecond laser direct writing graphene flexible thermistor^[89]; (b) Schematic diagram of fabrication of micro-supercapacitors by femtosecond laser carbonization and photographic image of micro-supercapacitor, cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves of micro-supercapacitors with different bending degrees ( the scanning speed is 1 V/s)^[90]; (c) Schematic diagram of sensor array fabricated by femtosecond laser micromachining method^[91]; (d) Sensor array simultaneously detects the temperature and pressure of different objects^[91]; (e) Electrical signal output of the temperature sensor affected by temperature changes^[91]; (f) Electrical signal output of the pressure sensor affected by load pressure changes^[91]

Fig. 7. (a) Relative electric field enhancement |E/E₀| distribution of the Cu nanoparticle dimer under 960 mW laser irradiation^[39]; (b) Temperature field distribution of a Cu nanoparticle dimer under 960 mW single pulse laser irradiation after 5 ps^[39]; (c) Relationship between electron and lattice temperature of Cu nanoparticles in the first 5 ps under different laser powers of single pulse laser irradiation^[39]; (d), (e) Sheet resistances and transmittance spectra of Ag NWs films before and after femtosecond laser irradiation^[98]; (f) SAED patterns of Ag NW joints and different parts irradiated by femtosecond laser^[98]

Fig. 8. Resistance change of graphene sensor with time under the certain conditions: (a) enclasping; (b) holding a beaker with hot water (60 °C); (c) smoking; (d) humidifying^[104]

Fig. 9. (a) Schematic of fabrication of double sided micro-supercapacitors by one-step femtosecond laser etching; (b) Photographs of double-side micro-supercapacitors and different connections of twelve spiral units in ‘flower petal’ pattern^[105]

Fig. 10. Schematic of the fabrication process of TENG prepared by femtosecond laser ablation of Cu micro/nano-cones and PDMS micro-bowl^[108]; (b) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of the PDMS by femtosecond laser irradiation and SEM images of the PDMS at laser power of 29 mW and 132 mW^[27]; (c) open-circuit voltage (d) short-circuit current of the fabricated TENGs with laser power ranging from 0 to 132 mW^[27]