The use of thermal infrared technology to monitor the land surface temperature has received mature development, and the acceleration of urbanization makes the urban heat effect emerge, thus, studies of the thermal radiation characteristics of urban typical surface features make great significance for the analysis of the causes and distribution of the thermal phenomenon. Based on the study of ground measured data of Baoding city, we have found that, the feature types, the observation time and wall orientations are principal factors that exert an influence on the thermal radiation brightness temperature of urban typical surface features. The results show that different types of surface features will significantly affect the brightness temperature, but “different things with the same spectrum” still exists; the observation time has direct impact on the intensity of thermal radiation and to a large extent on the brightness temperature difference of each channel; the brightness temperature of different wall orientations are also different, and the difference changes with the change in observation time. Studies of thermal radiation characteristics of urban typical surface features have theoretical and practical significance, providing basis for thermal infrared remote sensing to monitor the urban heat effect.