Author Affiliations
1Beijing Institute of Environment Features, Beijing 100039, China2Science and Technology on Optical Radiation Laboratory, Beijing 100854, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Spectral response functions of Band22, Band23 and BandS
Fig. 2. Schematic of neural networks for retrieving surface emissivity
Fig. 3. Surface emissivity images with a resolution of 100 meters
Fig. 4. Spectral emissivity in the 3.8-4.6 μm band of 4 categories including soil (a), vegetation (b), water (c) and manmade materials (d)
Fig. 5. Coefficient of determination R2 of spectrum correlation algorithm
Fig. 6. Schematic of the LOS method
Fig. 7. Schematic of infrared dynamic scene generation of rocket plume observed by satellite
Fig. 8. Schematic of projection imaging of rocket plume and background from satellite
Fig. 9. Comparison of the plume spectral radiation intensity between calculated and measured
Fig. 10. Average relative error between the results of spectrum correlation algorithm and JHU spectrum library
Fig. 11. Relative error of radiance under different atmospheric models and viewing zenith angles
Fig. 12. Part of radiance images on the rocket trajectory
Fig. 13. Plume length and number of pixels on the rocket trajectory
Fig. 14. Total radiation intensity trend on the rocket trajectory
Fig. 15. Total radiation intensity trend on different trajectories of scene 1
Fig. 16. Total radiation intensity trend on different trajectories of scene 2
Product name | Data content applied to this paper | Spatial resolution/km | Projection method | MOD021KM | Calibrated and geolocated radiances in Band22 and Band23 | 1 | Geographic Lat/Lon | MOD11_L2 | Surface temperature | 1 | Geographic Lat/Lon | MOD03 | Geolocation fields for 1 km IFOV | 1 | Geographic Lat/Lon | MOD11B1 | Surface emissivity in Band22 and Band23 | 6 | Sinusoidal |
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Table 1. Introduction to MODIS data
| Number of samples | MSE of Band22 | MSE of Band23 | Training set | 4 074 | 3.06×10−4 | 2.95×10−4 | Validation set | 873 | 3.34×10−4 | 3.20×10−4 | Test set | 873 | 2.94×10−4 | 3.06×10−4 |
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Table 2. MSE of training set, validation set and test set
Satellite orbit | Geographic Lat/Lon | (0°, 100°E) | Orbit altitude/km | 35793 | Infrared sensor | Geographic Lat/Lon of line-of-sight center | (42°N, 116°E) | Number of pixels | 256×256 | Launch of the rocket | Geographic Lat/Lon of launch site | (42°N, 116°E) | Altitude of launch site/km | 1.43 | Azimuth angle/(°) | 45 | Steering angle/(°) | 60 |
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Table 3. Scene simulation parameters