When an ordinary target is used for camera calibration, it is necessary to ensure the integrity of its imaging at all angles. As the small proportion of the target in the camera field of view leads to the low camera calibration accuracy, the calibration accuracy will be further reduced when the camera field of view changes in zoom measurement. In this paper, we theoretically analyze the characteristics of homography matrices and find that the targets in target images captured from different angles are different, but it does not affect the calculation of homography matrices and camera calibration. According to the simulation analysis, we design a directional layered target. In the first layer of the target, the directional marks are designed, and the size of the targets gradually increases toward the outer layer. In different fields of view, layers of different ranges are used, and the targets should always have a large proportion in the field of view to ensure the camera calibration accuracy. Moreover, the target matching method based on the combination of the collinear principle and projective transformation is proposed. As long as the directional feature points of the target appear in the image, the recognition and matching of targets can be realized, which improves the flexibility of the target and the efficiency of camera calibration. The experimental results indicate that the target recognition and matching method of the directional layered target is accurate and effective, which is not affected by the lack of some targets. Therefore, this target can improve the camera calibration accuracy, and the calibration accuracy is free from the influence of the change in the camera field of view.