Author Affiliations
1School of Science, Chang'an University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710064, China2School of Computer Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Autoencoder network structure
Fig. 2. SSAE algorithm model diagram
Fig. 3. Comparison of PCA and LargeVis algorithm. (a) PCA-Indian pines; (b) PCA-Pavia U; (c) LargeVis-Indian pines; (d) LargeVis-Pavia U
Fig. 4. EAP structure diagram
Fig. 5. Batch-mode active learning sampling strategy flow chart
Fig. 6. MF-AL-SSAE algorithm model diagram
Fig. 7. Classification renderings of six algorithms on the Indian pines dataset. (a) Original image; (b) real ground; (c) SSAE algorithm; (d) SVM algorithm; (e) CK-SVM algorithm; (f) CLBP-SSAE algorithm; (g) EMAP-SSAE algorithm; (h) MF-AL-SSAE algorithm
Fig. 8. Classification renderings of six algorithms on the Pavia U dataset. (a) Original image; (b) real ground; (c) SSAE algorithm; (d) SVM algorithm; (e) CK-SVM algorithm; (f) CLBP-SSAE algorithm; (g) EMAP-SSAE algorithm; (h) MF-AL-SSAE algorithm
Fig. 9. Variation in OA of different datasets with the number of training samples. (a) Indian pines; (b) Pavia U
Class | Sample | Classification accuracy /% |
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Training | Test | SSAE | SVM | CK-SVM | CLBP-SSAE | EMAP-SSAE | MF-AL-SSAE |
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Alfalfa | 5 | 41 | 53.42 | 57.32 | 93.91 | 92.12 | 94.26 | 96.88 | Corn-notill | 143 | 1285 | 76.53 | 78.98 | 95.49 | 96.31 | 94.68 | 98.38 | Corn-mintill | 83 | 747 | 46.17 | 67.67 | 95.87 | 97.48 | 96.50 | 98.66 | Corn | 23 | 214 | 52.33 | 51.62 | 94.38 | 96.65 | 96.22 | 96.92 | Grass-pasture | 50 | 433 | 83.65 | 85.21 | 94.27 | 94.25 | 95.98 | 96.65 | Grass-trees | 75 | 655 | 92.19 | 93.83 | 97.65 | 97.21 | 96.71 | 98.12 | Grass-pasture-mowed | 3 | 25 | 81.85 | 80.21 | 98.80 | 96.73 | 96.05 | 97.64 | Hay-windrowed | 49 | 429 | 93.58 | 94.68 | 98.95 | 97.24 | 96.58 | 97.93 | Oats | 2 | 18 | 42.78 | 37.78 | 67.80 | 73.31 | 76.63 | 94.25 | Soybean-notill | 97 | 875 | 67.49 | 69.71 | 93.34 | 92.87 | 94.43 | 96.28 | Soybean-mintill | 247 | 2208 | 68.12 | 74.56 | 96.89 | 96.26 | 96.52 | 98.83 | Soybean-clean | 61 | 532 | 37.91 | 64.71 | 95.33 | 96.64 | 94.49 | 97.11 | Wheat | 21 | 184 | 92.76 | 94.32 | 99.89 | 92.87 | 93.32 | 98.87 | Woods | 129 | 1136 | 93.45 | 91.68 | 95.08 | 98.35 | 97.68 | 100.00 | Bidg-grass-trees-drives | 38 | 348 | 31.03 | 54.39 | 93.65 | 95.79 | 94.94 | 97.83 | Stone-steel-towers | 10 | 83 | 90.80 | 86.36 | 97.63 | 95.51 | 94.75 | 97.91 | OA /% | 76.65 | 77.53 | 94.86 | 95.42 | 96.63 | 98.14 | Kappa | 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.97 |
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Table 1. Experimental data and classification accuracies of the Indian pines dataset
Class | Sample | Classification accuracy /% |
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Training | Test | SSAE | SVM | CK-SVM | CLBP-SSAE | EMAP-SSAE | MF-AL-SSAE |
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Asphalt | 200 | 6431 | 56.86 | 57.32 | 96.91 | 90.54 | 92.56 | 94.88 | Meadows | 200 | 18389 | 77.68 | 78.98 | 96.49 | 92.36 | 95.68 | 96.58 | Grave | 200 | 1899 | 65.17 | 67.67 | 95.87 | 95.48 | 96.50 | 97.66 | Trees | 200 | 2864 | 60.83 | 51.62 | 97.34 | 96.65 | 96.22 | 96.84 | Painted metal sheets | 200 | 1145 | 50.84 | 90.21 | 98.27 | 94.25 | 92.98 | 96.14 | Baresoil | 200 | 4829 | 92.19 | 94.83 | 96.65 | 94.21 | 95.11 | 97.56 | Bitumen | 200 | 1130 | 73.85 | 69.21 | 96.80 | 96.73 | 97.05 | 97.64 | Self-blocking bricks | 200 | 3842 | 94.58 | 96.68 | 95.25 | 94.55 | 94.58 | 93.95 | Shadows | 200 | 747 | 42.78 | 57.78 | 98.37 | 97.31 | 97.63 | 98.45 | OA /% | 76.87 | 78.03 | 97.86 | 95.78 | 95.98 | 97.24 | Kappa | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.96 |
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Table 2. Experimental data and classification accuracies of the Pavia U dataset