Author Affiliations
1School of Karst Science/School of Geography and Environment Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China2State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Images of Sunshine orchard, Xinzhongsheng and Langdang, as well as the corresponding reflectances of plants and weeds. (a) Images; (b) plant reflectance; (c) weed reflectance
Fig. 2. Pitaya fruit plant pixel, weed pixel and principles of three primary colors addition. (a) Pitaya fruit plant pixel; (b) three primary colors additive color scheme; (c) weed pixel
Fig. 3. Comparison of reflectance between pitaya fruit plants and weeds. (a) R-band; (b) G-band; (c) B-band
Fig. 4. Vegetation index calculation results. (a) CCVI; (b) VDVI; (c) EXG; (d) NGRDI
Fig. 5. CCVI extraction results in three sample regions. (a) Sunshine orchard; (b) Xinzhongsheng; (c) Langdang
Fig. 6. CCVI verification results. (a) Test original image; (b) CCVI calculation result; (c) CCVI extraction result
Fig. 7. Comparison of CCVI extraction accuracy indicators in verification area. (a) Leakage rate; (b) mistake rate; (c) connected rate; (d) overall accuracy; (e) Kappa coefficient
Sample area | Plant | DN value | Weed | DN value |
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Red | Green | Blue | Red | Green | Blue |
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Sunshine orchard | p1 | 157.54 | 165.81 | 116.28 | g1 | 55.67 | 124.45 | 65.73 | p2 | 155.61 | 168.52 | 119.46 | g2 | 41.51 | 116.55 | 61.75 | p3 | 204.43 | 202.81 | 124.57 | g3 | 71.43 | 147.78 | 73.80 | p4 | 175.76 | 182.75 | 106.44 | g4 | 43.78 | 119.03 | 56.67 | P5 | 184.95 | 178.79 | 127.021 | g5 | 43.61 | 102.54 | 49.99 | Xinzhongsheng | p1 | 173.62 | 178.55 | 117.45 | g1 | 61.83 | 89.02 | 44.31 | p2 | 180.17 | 176.56 | 125.66 | g2 | 51.22 | 74.07 | 46.86 | p3 | 199.56 | 95.27 | 137.42 | g3 | 100.46 | 128.00 | 76.36 | p4 | 181.24 | 188.90 | 121.69 | g4 | 82.84 | 111.37 | 70.04 | P5 | 183.61 | 187.47 | 123.28 | g5 | 44.65 | 76.07 | 44.87 | Langdang | p1 | 167.19 | 181.03 | 125.82 | g1 | 70.80 | 126.09 | 92.72 | p2 | 186.08 | 197.01 | 132.06 | g2 | 45.41 | 105.88 | 81.68 | p3 | 216.19 | 219.06 | 153.55 | g3 | 77.84 | 122.45 | 70.45 | p4 | 142.05 | 169.60 | 135.95 | g4 | 41.50 | 100.90 | 65.73 | p5 | 215.53 | 212.67 | 169.03 | g5 | 46.66 | 104.27 | 68.53 |
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Table 1. DN values of pitaya fruit plants and weeds in the different areas
Sample area | Pitaya plant characteristic value | Weed characteristic value |
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Minimum | average | Maximum | Standarddeviation | Minimum | average | Maximum | Standarddeviation |
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Sunshine orchard | 783000.96 | 1290893.48 | 1798786.00 | 245070.45 | 1233.02 | 261206.11 | 787637.31 | 195821.54 | Xinzhongsheng | 772980.50 | 1274373.34 | 1775766.00 | 289472.28 | 3072.02 | 209502.10 | 778622.00 | 196916.48 | Langdang | 754811.83 | 1276831.22 | 179.8850.63 | 301381.16 | 7019.33 | 201604.79 | 758883.56 | 153324.26 |
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Table 2. Statistics feature of CCVI in three plots
Samplearea | Thresholdextraction | Actualplants (strain) | Extractedplants (strain) | Errorrate /% | Connectedrate /% | Overallaccuracy /% | Kappacoefficient |
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Sunshine orchard | 890264.57 | 178 | 192 | 7.87 | 12.51 | 92.13 | 0.9183 | Xinzhongsheng | 889421.01 | 189 | 194 | 0.53 | 10.00 | 97.35 | 0.9649 | Langdang | 902104.08 | 176 | 166 | 5.68 | 5.47 | 94.32 | 0.9418 |
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Table 3. Extracting feature values and precision validation