Fig. 1. Three fundamental representations of SoPs
Fig. 2. New types of Poincaré sphere for topological charge equal to 1
[40-42] Fig. 3. Several schematic diagrams of optical setup for highly efficient generation of VOFs based on the split-screen method
[35,61,62] Fig. 4. Two compact and efficient Generators of VOFs for specific purposes
[64-65] Fig. 5. Schematic of principle of generating VOFs by utilizing metasurface
[66] Fig. 6. Generation of PPBs based on metasurface
[67] Fig. 7. A modulated case of completely shaping 2D VOFs
[34] Fig. 8. Schematic representation of a 3D vectorial optical field with a
z-dependent degree of entanglement
[85] Fig. 9. Polarization modulations on axis by controlling the axial phase distributions of zero-order Bessel beams
[98] Fig. 10. Comparison between the simulation and the experimentally obtained data for the case of the zero-order Bessel beams
Fig. 11. Generation of 3D vectorial zero-order Bessel beams by reshaping the axial intensity distributions of quasi-Bessel beams
[99] Fig. 12. Generation of Bessel beams with different types of path and intensity distribution along the
z direction
[100] Fig. 13. Two kinds of full Poincaré beams and
C point and
L line in these fields
[110] Fig. 14. Generation of the BPB synthesized from the combination of the LCP Bessel beam with
m1=0 and the RCP Bessel beam with
m2=1
[101] Fig. 15. Experimental results showing independent SoPs’ manipulation on multi-planes
[114] Fig. 16. The experimental generation of three-dimensional vectorial multifocal arrays created by pseudo-period encoding
[115] Fig. 17. Simulation of generating four typical 3D curves based on the scalar beam-shaping technique
[118] Fig. 18. An experimentally generated 3D VOF consisting of a 2D ring curve and a 3D Achimedean curve with continuously varying locally linear SoPs
[37] Fig. 19. Experimentally generated vectorial focusing curves with continuously varying hybrid SoPs
[121] Fig. 20. Simulation and experimental results of the 3D CPVB consisting of double tilt-ring-shaped trajectories in the focal space
[122] Fig. 21. Experimental results of two generated 3D TCVBs
[123] Fig. 22. Generation of curvilinear arranged optical vortex arrays
[128] Fig. 23. Simulations of generating curvilinear V-type polarization singularity arrays along square and quatrefoil trajectories
[129] Fig. 24. Schematic illustrations of arbitrary 3D linear SoPs interacting with randomly aligned gold nanorods
[139] Fig. 25. An optical trapping with tractor beams
[140,141] Fig. 26. Optical tweezer experiments based on vectorial vortex beams under tight focusing
[27] Fig. 27. A Möbius strip and polarization topology Möbius-strip structures caused by polarization singularities with different singularity under tight focusing
[145] Fig. 28. Topological traits of optical polarization knots characterized by their torus structures
[108]