The conventional shape similarity measurements face the problems of robustness and accuracy in noise interference, partial information occlusion and missing situation. A method of shape similarity measurement based on principal curvature enhancement distance transformation is proposed. The distance transformation is carried out to extend the range of the shape contour, improving the robustness of the similarity measure. The distance map is enhanced by the principal curvature of the shape contour, improving the response of rich information contours in the transformation map, and enhancing the accuracy of measurement results. Simulation experiments show that the robustness and accuracy of the method in the situation of noise interference and partial contour occlusion or absence are verified. Application experiments of road vector and GPS signal and optical remote sensing image show that the method is effective in practical application. Compared with traditional shape similarity measure methods, the method based on principal curvature enhancement distance transformation is suitable for the non-rigid target shape similarity measure, and the robustness and accuracy are better.