• Matter and Radiation at Extremes
  • Vol. 6, Issue 2, 024201 (2021)
Qinying Liu1、2, Shiyu Liu1, Yongkang Luo1, and Xiaotao Han1、2、a)
Author Affiliations
  • 1Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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    DOI: 10.1063/5.0040208 Cite this Article
    Qinying Liu, Shiyu Liu, Yongkang Luo, Xiaotao Han. Pulsed-field nuclear magnetic resonance: Status and prospects[J]. Matter and Radiation at Extremes, 2021, 6(2): 024201 Copy Citation Text show less
    27Al MAS-NMR spectra from 14 T to 40 T. Reprinted with permission from Gan et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, 5634 (2002). Copyright 2002 American Chemical Society.
    Fig. 1. 27Al MAS-NMR spectra from 14 T to 40 T. Reprinted with permission from Gan et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, 5634 (2002). Copyright 2002 American Chemical Society.
    (a) Background pulsed magnetic field. (b) 63Cu FID at 12 T; (c) Fourier transform of 63Cu FID at 33 T. Reprinted with permission from Haas et al., J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 272-276, e1623 (2004). Copyright 2004 Elsevier.
    Fig. 2. (a) Background pulsed magnetic field. (b) 63Cu FID at 12 T; (c) Fourier transform of 63Cu FID at 33 T. Reprinted with permission from Haas et al., J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 272-276, e1623 (2004). Copyright 2004 Elsevier.
    1H FID under a 50 T pulsed high magnetic field. Reprinted with permission from Haas et al., Solid State Nucl. Magn. Reson. 28, 64 (2005). Copyright 2005 Elsevier.
    Fig. 3. 1H FID under a 50 T pulsed high magnetic field. Reprinted with permission from Haas et al., Solid State Nucl. Magn. Reson. 28, 64 (2005). Copyright 2005 Elsevier.
    (a) 59Co NMR spectra under a steady field. Reprinted with permission from Kawasaki et al., Phys. Rev. B 79, 220514 (2009). Copyright 2009 American Physical Society. (b) 59Co NMR spectra under a pulsed field. Reprinted with permission from Zheng et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 78, 095001 (2009). Copyright 2009 The Physical Society of Japan.
    Fig. 4. (a) 59Co NMR spectra under a steady field. Reprinted with permission from Kawasaki et al., Phys. Rev. B 79, 220514 (2009). Copyright 2009 American Physical Society. (b) 59Co NMR spectra under a pulsed field. Reprinted with permission from Zheng et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 78, 095001 (2009). Copyright 2009 The Physical Society of Japan.
    Scheme of the pulsed NMR spectrometer at HLD. Reprinted with permission from Meier et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 083113 (2012). Copyright 2012 AIP Publishing LLC.
    Fig. 5. Scheme of the pulsed NMR spectrometer at HLD. Reprinted with permission from Meier et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 083113 (2012). Copyright 2012 AIP Publishing LLC.
    Scheme of the pulsed NMR spectrometer at LNCMI. Reprinted with permission from Stork et al., J. Magn. Reson. 234, 30 (2013). Copyright 2013 Elsevier.
    Fig. 6. Scheme of the pulsed NMR spectrometer at LNCMI. Reprinted with permission from Stork et al., J. Magn. Reson. 234, 30 (2013). Copyright 2013 Elsevier.
    Magnetic field homogeneity of the pulsed magnet at LNCMI at 12.5 T and 47 T. Reprinted with permission from Orlova et al., J. Magn. Reson. 268, 82 (2016). Copyright 2016 Elsevier.
    Fig. 7. Magnetic field homogeneity of the pulsed magnet at LNCMI at 12.5 T and 47 T. Reprinted with permission from Orlova et al., J. Magn. Reson. 268, 82 (2016). Copyright 2016 Elsevier.
    (a) Initial value of the induced electromotive force measured synchronously with the FID signal. Reprinted with permission from Iijima et al., J. Magn. Reson. 184, 258 (2007). Copyright 2007 Elsevier. (b) 1H spectrum before and after deconvolution. Reprinted with permission from Stork et al., J. Magn. Reson. 234, 30 (2013). Copyright 2013 Elsevier.
    Fig. 8. (a) Initial value of the induced electromotive force measured synchronously with the FID signal. Reprinted with permission from Iijima et al., J. Magn. Reson. 184, 258 (2007). Copyright 2007 Elsevier. (b) 1H spectrum before and after deconvolution. Reprinted with permission from Stork et al., J. Magn. Reson. 234, 30 (2013). Copyright 2013 Elsevier.
    Spectrogram of the FID signal of a single-pulse peak segment: (a) 7 T; (b) 62 T. Reprinted with permission from Meier et al., J. Magn. Reson. 210, 1 (2011). Copyright 2011 Elsevier.
    Fig. 9. Spectrogram of the FID signal of a single-pulse peak segment: (a) 7 T; (b) 62 T. Reprinted with permission from Meier et al., J. Magn. Reson. 210, 1 (2011). Copyright 2011 Elsevier.
    (a) FID signals of Linde A (weak, left) and 27Al (strong, right) under a 55.7 T pulsed field. (b) Adiabatic reversal experiment for measuring T1 in a pulsed field. Reprinted with permission from Kohlrautz et al., J. Magn. Reson. 263, 1 (2016). Copyright 2016 Elsevier.
    Fig. 10. (a) FID signals of Linde A (weak, left) and 27Al (strong, right) under a 55.7 T pulsed field. (b) Adiabatic reversal experiment for measuring T1 in a pulsed field. Reprinted with permission from Kohlrautz et al., J. Magn. Reson. 263, 1 (2016). Copyright 2016 Elsevier.
    Overview of procedure for reconstruction of broad spectra in a pulsed magnetic field using the normalized deconvolution method. For more details, see Ref. 53. Reprinted with permission from Kohlrautz et al., J. Magn. Reson. 271, 52 (2016). Copyright 2016 Elsevier.
    Fig. 11. Overview of procedure for reconstruction of broad spectra in a pulsed magnetic field using the normalized deconvolution method. For more details, see Ref. 53. Reprinted with permission from Kohlrautz et al., J. Magn. Reson. 271, 52 (2016). Copyright 2016 Elsevier.
    (a) EIIAGlc titration results with an 800 MHz NMR spectrometer. (b) Surface mapped by residues with chemical shift perturbations >3 Hz. Reprinted with permission from Xing et al., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 53, 1 (2014). Copyright 2014 John Wiley and Sons.
    Fig. 12. (a) EIIAGlc titration results with an 800 MHz NMR spectrometer. (b) Surface mapped by residues with chemical shift perturbations >3 Hz. Reprinted with permission from Xing et al., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 53, 1 (2014). Copyright 2014 John Wiley and Sons.
    Resonance spectra of YBa2Cu3Ox in a pulsed 47 T field. The black solid line is the sum of several experiments (2.5 K). Reprinted with permission from Stork et al., J. Magn. Reson. 234, 30 (2013). Copyright 2013 Elsevier.
    Fig. 13. Resonance spectra of YBa2Cu3Ox in a pulsed 47 T field. The black solid line is the sum of several experiments (2.5 K). Reprinted with permission from Stork et al., J. Magn. Reson. 234, 30 (2013). Copyright 2013 Elsevier.
    (a) CeIn3 NMR spectra (56 T) at different temperatures. (b) CeIn3 NMR spectra (1.5 K) at different magnetic field intensities. Reprinted with permission from Tokunaga et al., Phys. Rev. B 99, 085142 (2019). Copyright 2019 American Physical Society.
    Fig. 14. (a) CeIn3 NMR spectra (56 T) at different temperatures. (b) CeIn3 NMR spectra (1.5 K) at different magnetic field intensities. Reprinted with permission from Tokunaga et al., Phys. Rev. B 99, 085142 (2019). Copyright 2019 American Physical Society.
    (a) Curve of average magnetization of SrCu2(BO3)2 vs magnetic intensity.81–84 (b) NMR spectra of 11B under pulsed 54 T (blue) and steady 41 T (black) magnetic fields (2 K). (c) Magnetic superlattice in the 1/3 magnetization plateau. Reprinted with permission from Kohlrautz et al., J. Magn. Reson. 271, 52 (2016). Copyright 2016 Elsevier.
    Fig. 15. (a) Curve of average magnetization of SrCu2(BO3)2 vs magnetic intensity.81–84 (b) NMR spectra of 11B under pulsed 54 T (blue) and steady 41 T (black) magnetic fields (2 K). (c) Magnetic superlattice in the 1/3 magnetization plateau. Reprinted with permission from Kohlrautz et al., J. Magn. Reson. 271, 52 (2016). Copyright 2016 Elsevier.
    Field dependence of the normalized spin polarization Sz/Szsat and distribution widths of the internal magnetic field ΔHint obtained from the 51V PF-NMR spectra in LiCuVO4 (H ‖ c). Reprinted with permission from Orlova et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 247201 (2017). Copyright 2017 American Physical Society.
    Fig. 16. Field dependence of the normalized spin polarization Sz/Szsat and distribution widths of the internal magnetic field ΔHint obtained from the 51V PF-NMR spectra in LiCuVO4 (Hc). Reprinted with permission from Orlova et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 247201 (2017). Copyright 2017 American Physical Society.
    Structure of a traditional NMR spectrometer.
    Fig. 17. Structure of a traditional NMR spectrometer.
    NMR detection environment in a pulsed magnetic field.
    Fig. 18. NMR detection environment in a pulsed magnetic field.
    FacilityReferenceMagnetaAcquisition of B(t)Phase correction
    NIMS49HybridPick-up coilDeconvolution averaged
    HLD51ResistiveL-M algorithmDeconvolution averaged
    HLD53ResistivePhase demodulationNormalized deconvolution
    LNCMI43ResistivePick-up coilDeconvolution
    Table 1. NMR signal processing strategies in unstable magnetic fields.
    FacilityYearReferenceBmax (T)Resonance frequency (MHz)Temperature (K)Rprobe (mm)RF sequenceTarget nucleus (object)
    HLD200331121403003π2(0.5μs)63Cu (shift)
    200331333603002π2(0.5μs)63Cu (shift)
    200433583753003π2(0.5μs)2D (shift)
    2005375624003006<π2(0.3μs)1H (shift)
    201240624006π2(1μs)τ(150μs)π(2μs)2D (T2)
    2016525860030816π269Ga (shift, T1)
    201653547402π2(0.2μs)11B (shift, NQR)
    Okayama university20104148495π2(2.5μs)τ(20μs)π(5μs)59Co (shift, NQR)
    LNCMI2011423030080π2(4.7μs)τ(20μs)π(9.4μs)93Nb (shift)
    201343473002.5π2(0.8μs)τ(3.9μs)π(1.6μs)63Cu/65Cu (shift, NQR)
    Table 2. Research status of NMR in unsteady high magnetic fields worldwide.
    FacilityReferencesYearPower supplyBmax (T)Duration (ms)Stability (ppm)AdvantageLimitation
    UvA, NLD98 and 991985Grid rectifier40150First appearedDeleterious effects on the power gird
    NHMFL, USA1001996650 MJ generator58.5140High Bmax and long durationHigh-power generator
    TU Wien, AUT1012004Grid rectifier40100Long durationUncertain stability
    HLD, GER45201250 MJ capacitor bank55.27018 000High Bmax and long durationHeavy device (1200 kg) and long cooling time (8 h)
    WHMFC, CHN1022012185 MJ generator501005 000Run smoothlyHigh power ripple
    WHMFC, CHN1032014900 × 200 Ah battery bank25200300High BmaxHigh PWM ripple
    ISSP, JPN1042015900 kJ capacitor bank60.64285High stabilityShort duration
    WHMFC, CHN10520201400 × 200 Ah battery bank23.3710065High stabilityLow Bmax
    WHMFC, CHN106 and 107202012 MJ capacitor bank65103 000Low energy consumptionOpen-loop control system
    Table 3. Progress in FTPMF research worldwide.
    Qinying Liu, Shiyu Liu, Yongkang Luo, Xiaotao Han. Pulsed-field nuclear magnetic resonance: Status and prospects[J]. Matter and Radiation at Extremes, 2021, 6(2): 024201
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