Author Affiliations
1 School of Earth and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China2 Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230026, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Coherent Doppler lidar schematic
Fig. 2. Transmittance of the atmosphere from visible light to near infrared bands at different zenith angles
Fig. 3. Laser gain medium and human eye maximum exposure rate in the near infrared band
Fig. 4. Relationship between fiber loss and wavelength
Fig. 5. Relationship between solar radiation and laser wavelength
Fig. 6. NASA coherent lidar installation diagram and wind velocity measurement results. (a) Lidar prototype; (b) wind speed measurement results
Fig. 7. Mitsubishi electric corporation airborne lidar wind velocity measurement results. (a) Results of wind velocity; (b) periodic change in vertical acceleration; (c) periodic change in outside air temperature
Fig. 8. Wind velocity measurement results of different radars. (a) Microwave radar; (b) Leosphere coherent lidar
Fig. 9. Halo-Photonics airborne lidar wind measurement results and boundary layer inversion results. (a) Coherent lidar backscatter coefficient; (b) vertical velocity standard deviation; (c) vertical velocity; (d) vertical velocity skewness
Fig. 10. All-fiber coherent wind lidar of USTC and results of wind velocity and direction. (a) Coherent lidar prototype; (b) wind velocity retrieved from both S and P states backscattering by single balanced detector, in which the inset shows the difference in velocity between S and P states; (c) horizontal wind speed; (d) horizontal wind direction
Fig. 11. Detection distance and pulse energy parameters of 1.5 μm lidar research institutions
Fig. 12. NOAA lidar wind velocity measurement results. (a) Radial velocity data; (b) corresponding relative backscatter intensity profile
Fig. 13. NASA lidar wind velocity and wind direction results measurement results. (a) Wind velocity; (b) wind direction
Fig. 14. Wind shear detected by Kowloon Observatory, Hong Kong, China
Fig. 15. Aircraft wake vortex detected by ONERA. (a) Radial velocity of wake vortex model; (b) 3D view of mean velocity images
Fig. 16. Results of vertical wind velocity error and mixed layer height
Fig. 17. (a) Horizontal wind perturbations and (b)wavelet power spectra measured at 1.8 km and 6.7 km altitude
Fig. 18. OUC lidar wind velocity measurement results. (a) Lidar prototype; (b) wind velocity measurement results
Detectionmethod | Coherentdetection | Coherentdetection | Coherent detection /direct detection | Coherent detection /direct detection | Directdetection | Directdetection |
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Wavelength /nm | 10600 | 2000 | 1500 | 1060 | 532 | 355 | Laser | CO2 | Tm∶YLuAG;Tm,Ho∶YAG | Raman OPO-Nd∶YAG;Er | Nd∶YAG | Nd∶YAG | Nd∶YAG | Reference | [1] | [2] | [3] | [4] | [4] | [4] | Detection object | Aerosol | Aerosol | Aerosol | Aerosol | Molecule | Molecule |
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Table 1. Research status of Doppler wind lidar
Company(year) | Wavelength /μm | Energy /μJ | Pulsewidth /ns | PRF /Hz | Detectionrange /km | Distanceresolution /m | Telescopediameter /mm |
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Mitsubishi (2001)[37] | 1.540 | 10900 | 228 | 15000 | 5 | - | 100 | Halo-Photonics (2004)[77] | 1.562 | 1150 | - | - | 8 | - | - | Mitsubishi (2010)[42] | 1.500 | 5 | 500 | 4000 | 1.5 | 70 | 50 | FiberTek (2011)[34] | 1.500 | 120 | 800 | 25000 | | | | Mitsubishi (2012)[47] | 1.550 | 1400 | 580 | 4000 | 30 | 300 | 150 | SgurrEnergy (2013)[74] | 1.550 | - | - | - | 4 | - | - | ONERA (2014)[55] | 1.545 | 500 | 650 | 10000 | 16 | 200 | - | QinetiQ (2015) | 1.500 | - | - | 10000 | 0.2 | 20 | - | NASA (2016)[30-31] | 1.500 | 240 | 400 | 20000 | 0.4-10 | 15-60 | 101 | Leosphere (2017) | 1.540 | - | 25-200 | - | 12-14 | 25-200 | - | LMCT (2017)[29] | 1.617 | 2500±500 | 250±50 | 750 | 15 | 100 | - | Halo-Photonics (2017) | 1.562 | - | 800 | - | 12 | 18-120 | - |
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Table 2. Research institutes and parameters of 1.5 μm coherent lidar abroad
Company (year) | Wavelength /μm | Energy /μJ | Pulsewidth /ns | PRF /Hz | Detectionrange /km | Distanceresolution /m | Telescopediameter/mm |
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STIP (2011)[92] | 1.550 | 100 | - | - | 3 | - | - | SIOM (2012)[94] | 1.540 | 43 | 500 | 10000 | 3 | 75 | 50 | OUC (2015)[98] | 1.550 | 50 | 400 | 10000 | 4 | 60 | | USTC (2017)[102] | 1.548 | 100 | 300 | 15625 | 6 | 60 | 80 |
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Table 3. Research institutes and parameters of coherent Doppler lidar in China