By using Nd∶YAG continuous laser as the heat resource to scan and heat the surface of the casting roller sleeve material 32Cr3Mo1V, the thermal fatigue performance is tested by contact cooling the back of the sample. The laser absorptivity of the sample with different surface roughness and oxidation state is measured with the lumped parametric method. The temperature cycle and compressive stress condition of the sample surface are simulated by numerical calculation. The results show that, after 1000 thermal cycles, cracks appear in the ablation hole and at positions with rough scratches on the sample surface. When the thermal cycle ranges from 1000 to 2000, the length of the crack is linearly related to the number of thermal cycles. Because the proposed method ignores the effects of mechanical stress and aluminum liquid on the roller sleeve, the growth rate of the crack length obtained from the test is only half of the actual one.