Based on the fiber’s characteristics of both sensing and transmission for physical signal, distributed fiber sensing system can realize long-distance and continuous measurement of the strain, temperature and vibration along fiber, which has a great promise in applications of the perimeter security, electric wire and pipeline monitoring, structural health diagnosis for large infrastructure, and so on. The occurrence of events or failures usually causes the changes of multiple parameters such as vibration, strain and temperature, whose measurement contributes to fault diagnosis and intrusion recognition along sensing fiber. This paper overviews the recent progress in distributed fiber sensing systems, including wide-frequency vibration measurement based on Rayleigh scattering, dynamic measurement of strain based on Brillouin scattering and multi-parameter measurement based on multiple scattering mechanisms.